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World War I

World War I. THE WAR TO END ALL WARS or MAKING THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY. Causes. Nationalism move for national self-determination Subjugation of one group by another power Pan Slavism. Causes. Imperialism Industrial Revolution prompted need for foreign markets.

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World War I

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  1. World War I THE WAR TO END ALL WARS or MAKING THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY

  2. Causes • Nationalism • move for national self-determination • Subjugation of one group by another power • Pan Slavism

  3. Causes • Imperialism • Industrial Revolution prompted need for foreign markets. • Economic conflicts: particularly over Africa

  4. Causes • Military Expansion • Large standing armies • increased size of navies • new military technology • either go bankrupt or to war • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan

  5. Military Alliances • Triple Alliance • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Italy

  6. Military Alliances • Triple Entente • Great Britain • France • Russia

  7. Crises Then War • Any disturbance brought on an “incident”. • Morocco • Morocco against the French • 1905: Germany intervenes • settled by international conference

  8. Crises Then War • Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1911 • War averted • Serbia unable to fight without Russia who was unprepared for war. [Pan Slavism]

  9. Crises Then War • Morocco again in 1911 • German warship to Agadir • Conference at Agadir • Italy declares war on Turkey and weakens Triple Alliance • “The Balkan Wars” 1912-1913

  10. War Begins • The shot heard around the world. • Archduke Francis Ferdinand & his wife visit Sarajevo on a “PR” trip. • Date is the anniversary of Serb massacre by Ottomans in 14th Century.

  11. War Begins • Pan Slavism • Ferdinand shot by Gavrilo Princip of “The Black Hand” • Germany give Austria a “blank check” with which to retaliate against Serbia

  12. War Begins,2 • Austria presents ultimatum • Serbia agrees to 9 of 10 demands • Austria declares war on July 28, 1914, anyway

  13. War Begins,3 • Czar Nicholas mobilizes to support Serbia • Germany does the same to support Austria • Germany declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914

  14. Alliances • Germany declared war on France two days later • Schlieffen Plan: G. attacks France by way of Belgium • August 4, 1914: Britain declared war on Germany

  15. Alliances Shift • Allied Powers = Russia, France, and Britain • Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria • Italy initially neutral then joins the Allies.

  16. War • The Great War. • The war to end all wars. • Never called WWI. [why?] • First time war involved all the world’s great powers • Japan, ally of Britain, joins 8/1914 • US joins Allies in 1917

  17. America’s Neutrality • Wilson originally declares US neutral--a foreign war • Made economic sense • “American exceptionalism” • Americans took sides anyway • Irish immigrants anti-Britain • German immigrants identified with homeland • Cabinet strongly pro-British

  18. Economic Impact • Everyone felt strains of war • Rationing – like tires • France: 20% population into combat • Women worked in factories • Centralization of government authority over production of war goods

  19. Propaganda • Ideas, facts, or rumors spread deliberately to further a cause. • Government agencies set up to manage information • Led to mistreatment of suspected enemy sympathizers.

  20. "Beat Back the Hun"-by Fred StrothmanPublicity campaigns for the Treasury Department's Liberty Loan bonds produced some of the war's most compelling - and gruesome - posters. Many posters promoted German hatred, such as this one, showing a blood-thirsty Hun looking over war-torn Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean to America. The Liberty Bond posters were inflammatory, but highly effective. Americans would purchase more than $23 billion worth to help the war effort. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/gallery/p_war_04.html

  21. Internal Security • A problem for both sides • Ottoman Empire • Christian Armenians supported kinsmen in Russia • Armenian genocide • 200,000 - 1.5 million Armenians died: starvation or massacre

  22. Technology of War • Barbed wire • Machine guns • Trench warfare • Big Bertha: German large caliber howitzer • Paris Gun (hit target 75 miles) used by Germany • Dirigibles (Zeppelins) • Bi-planes

  23. Technology of War • Flame Throwers • Poison Gas • developed submarines • wireless radio • introduced tanks • “Transformed the ways in which armies & navies fought.”

  24. http://www.navyphotos.co.uk/ww1_u_boat.htm

  25. The World at War So much for American isolationist foreign policy!

  26. Conflict in Atlantic • Germany declares war zone around British Isles • US says German position is indefensible violation of neutrality rights • Minor infractions involve US but are ignored

  27. Along came the Lusitania • British liner torpedoed by German U-boat on 5/7/1915 • British had been “warned” by German ambassador • 1,198 lives lost including 128 Americans • In fact carried munitions and contraband for British war effort

  28. World War I • US starts out WWI neutral but sympathetic to Allies • Zimmerman Telegram: Germany want Mexico to plot against US • April 6, 1917: Senate passes war resolution at President Wilson’s request.

  29. World War I • Selective Service Act • May 1917 • Drafted manpower for army • most had no high school • African Americans were double their proportion in the general population.

  30. World War I • General John J. Pershing (of Pershing Drive fame) commanded American forces • Conscientious objector: against war on moral grounds • American Red Cross helps out

  31. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/pershing-port.jpg

  32. War Industries Board • Led by Bernard Baruch • Encouraged mass-production techniques • Analyzed the industrial requirements and capacities of the United States and the other Allies. Issued clearances on government orders. Set priorities in commodity production and delivery. Arranged price-fixing agreements for raw materials. Encouraged resource conservation and development. Supervised Allied purchasing in the United States. • http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/061.html

  33. National War Labor Board • Handle labor/management disputes. • Settled, by arbitration, mediation, and conciliation, labor disputes that might have interfered with war production. • http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/002.html • “Work or fight!”

  34. World War I • Victory gardens to supplement rations • Liberty Bonds sold to finance the war effort • Committee on Public Information was our first propaganda agency • AKA: Creel Committee

  35. Committee on Public Information • Released government news during World War I. Sustained morale. Administered voluntary press censorship. Committee work curtailed after July 1, 1918. Domestic activities discontinued after the Armistice was signed, November 11, 1918. Foreign operations discontinued, June 30, 1919. http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/063.html

  36. Creel Committee Tactics • “Four-Minute Men” • Corps of trained public speakers • Attended movies & public functions to encourage people to buy Liberty Bonds, donate to Red Cross, and enlist in military • Pro-War silent movies • “Pershing’s Crusaders” • Charlie Chaplin • “Red, White & Blue Books”: patriotic essays • Propaganda Posters • Boy Scouts deliver copies of Wilson’s speeches to neighborhoods

  37. "Can Vegetables, Fruit and the Kaiser Too"-by J. Paul VerreesWar in Europe meant that the United States would need to step up its efforts to supply the Allies with enough food. More than 20 million Americans responded by signing pledges to restrict their consumption of such items as wheat, meat and eggs. Posters such as J. Paul Verrees' "Can Vegetables, Fruit and the Kaiser Too" encouraged food conservation and disparaged Germany at the same time. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/gallery/p_war_08.htm l

  38. "I Want You"-by James Montgomery FlaggThe most famous poster of the war was James Montgomery Flagg's depiction of a demanding Uncle Sam pointing his finger at the viewer, emphatically declaring "I Want You." Flagg's poster rejected earlier characterizations of Uncle Sam as a passive old man and transformed him into an authoritative, take-charge leader.Preferring to work with a live model as inspiration, Flagg himself, donned a hat and fake beard to serve as the model for Uncle Sam. Flagg's concept for the poster was inspired by Alfred Leete's 1914 British war poster, which featured the Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, pointing his finger and declaring "Your Country Needs YOU." Flagg's poster struck such a deep chord with the American public that four million copies were produced during the war. When World War II came around, the image was re-enlisted for service. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/gallery/p_war_11.html

  39. American Women and the War Effort  Popular magazines like Leslie's Illustrated Weekly Newspaper teamed up with the federal government to promote food conservation. Eager to avoid food rationing, government officials mobilized 500,000 volunteers to go door to door to secure housewives' signatures on cards that pledged them to follow food conservation guidelines.  Leslie's, September 29, 1917 / Picture Research Consultants & Archives. Source: Henretta

  40. http://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/sheetmusic/musictours/ballgame/overthere.htmlhttp://www.library.jhu.edu/collections/specialcollections/sheetmusic/musictours/ballgame/overthere.html

  41. What do these have in common? • hamburgers • frankfurters • sauerkraut • pretzels • Beer • measles

  42. Espionage and Sedition Acts • Espionage Act of 1917 • Wilson wanted a law to protect the US from internal hostile activities aka: “warfare through propaganda” • Deemed a criminal anyone who, • "when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service or of the United States."

  43. Espionage and Sedition Acts,2 • Amended by Sedition Act of 1918 • Included: • "To make or convey false reports, or false statements, or say or do anything except by way of bona fide and not disloyal advice to an investor … with intent to obstruct the sale by the United States of bonds … or the making of loans by or to the United States, or whoever, when the United States is at war"; • To "cause … or incite … insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States"; • To "utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States, or the Constitution of the United States, or the military or naval forces of the United States, or the flag … or the uniform of the Army or Navy of the United States, or any language intended to bring the form of government … or the Constitution … or the military or naval forces … or the flag … of the United States into contempt, scorn, contumely, or disrepute"; • To "willfully display the flag of a foreign enemy"; • To "urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production in this country of any thing or things … necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war." http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Espionage+and+Sedition+Acts

  44. Reaction • What happened to civil liberties? • violation of 1st Amendment • loss of newspaper mailings • Socialist and labor unions • Anti-immigrant hysteria • Congressman Madden of Illinois • “While we are fighting to establish the democracy of the world, we ought not to do the thing that will establish autocracy in America."

  45. And “The Supremes” Say… • Schenck v. United States (1919) • Upheld First Amendment challenge to the Espionage Act of 1917 • Schenck, a Socialist, convicted of interfering with military recruiting and the draft as well as promoting insubordination of military personnel. • Constitutionality of free speech depends on conditions in which spoken • Oliver Wendell Holmes • Can’t shout “fire” in a movie house. • "The question in every case," Holmes wrote, "is whether the words are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent."

  46. World War I @ Home • The Great Migration: hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks moved to northern American cities • Women’s Peace Party (1915):pacifist • 1918: International flu epidemic

  47. Wilson’s 14 Points • Plan for world peace presented to Congress in speech on 1/18/1918 [war not even over] • No secret treaties • Freedom of seas for all • Free trade by lowering tariffs • Arms reduction [keep domestic safety, however]

  48. Wilson’s 14 Points • Colonial policies consider interests of colonial people • #s 8 - 13: boundary changes • Create LEAGUE OF NATIONS • allow nations to discuss and settle differences without resorting to war

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