7 July 2007 Ulan Bator, Mongolia

1. Rangeland Health Assessment and Monitoring (Framework for Ecological Site-Based Assessment and Monitoring in Mongolia) 7 July 2007 Ulan Bator, Mongolia Jeff Herrick and Brandon Bestelmeyer USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and the Jornada LTER Las Cruces, New Mexico USA

2. Our understanding of Mongolia’s current needs for assessment and monitoring (3 elements) (1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health (2) Regional assessments of short-term (every 2-4 weeks) forage availability and carrying capacity (3) System that herders and local officials can use to decide: (a) When to move livestock (b) Which areas need to be rested from grazing for one or more years ALSO Relate 3 elements to each other

3. Why rangeland health (quantitative and qualitative indicators)? • Complements plant community composition and cover information (Traditional methods) • Reflects changes in land degradation (for example, increased runoff and erosion) • Reflects changes in the resilience of the land • Uses the long-term potential of the land (based on soils and climate) as the reference (instead of the current plant community).

4. Rangeland health reflects changes in land degradation and resilience. Because it uses the ecological potential as a reference, it can also be used to plan and prioritize restoration projects.

5. Rangeland health publications and databases

6. Socio-economic drivers Global climate change Atypically high grazing pressure Regional increases in temperature and aridity Reduction in cover and change in composition of perennial vegetation* and soil surface disturbance and compaction Increased albedo/ aridification Meristem limitation/ reduced NPP Reduced water capture, Reduced NPP Reduced reproduction, delayed recovery Soil degradation, plant mortality Increasing erosion, plant mortality *Especially key forage species; native and exotic invasive species can also contribute to degradation but may not result in a reduction in cover.

7. Why ecological sites? • Ecological sites reflect the long-term potential of the land (based on soils and climate) as the reference (instead of the current plant community). This helps herders and government officials focus management and restoration efforts on areas with high potential.

8. Different degradation processes in different ecological sites  different indicators are necessary Example: Caragana forms dunes form in sandy soils, but not in loamy soils (same species, different patterns and processes)

9. Different soils often have different potential and different response to grazing (different ecological sites). There are probably between 50 and 200 ecological sites in Mongolia. 500 m Sandy loam 0-7 cm Sandy clay loam 7-25 cm (a different ecological site) Sandy clay loam 0-25 cm (1 ecological site)

10. Why rangeland health assessments? • To help understand what processes are important • To help decide what quantitative indicators should be used for repeated assessments (for example, the Mongolian National Rangeland Condition Assessment) • To describe processes and properties (for example, runoff) that are difficult to evaluate with quantitative indicators • To help interpret quantitative indicators

11. Pedestals, terracettes and water flow patterns are important indicators of degradation but are almost impossible to quantify. They can be used to help interpret quantitative indicators (such as plant basal cover). In other words, we often don’t know how much basal or plant cover is necessary to limit runoff and erosion; qualitative indicators can help us identify these threshold values.

12. Soil erosion and deposition patterns are important indicators of degradation by wind erosion but are very expensive to quantify. They can be used to help interpret quantitative indicators (such as plant canopy cover). In other words, we often don’t know what distribution of plant cover is necessary to limit wind erosion; qualitative indicators can help us identify these threshold values.

13. Qualitative indicator of compaction – soil structure Road #1(58m wide) Qualitative indicators of soil compaction are used to determine when it is necessary to monitor soil compaction. Cars and trucks cause soil compaction. This is important in some ecological sites, but not in others. Also, the reference (control) is different in different ecological sites. Penetration resistance (quantitative - # of strikes) RoadControl Site #1 silty clay loam 31 9(10 tests) Site #2 loamy sand 76 20(3 tests)

14. Our understanding of Mongolia’s current needs for assessment and monitoring (3 elements) (1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health (2) Regional assessments of short-term (every 2-4 weeks) forage availability and carrying capacity (3) System that herders and local officials can use to decide: (a) When to move livestock (b) Which areas need to be rested from grazing for one or more years ALSO relate 3 elements to each other

15. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

16. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

17. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

18. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

19. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

20. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

21. (Element 1) National rangeland condition assessment of long-term (every 5 years) status and changes in rangeland health. Preliminary landscape stratification/classification (based on GIS analysis + expert knowledge of soil/vegetation/climate patterns) 2008 Randomly select field sampling points within strata1 2009(Assess at sampling locations to create statistical map) Rangeland Condition Assessment Method (Traditional) Describe (measure where possible) 17 Rangeland Health Indicators Describe soils (texture, depth, gravel, CaCO3) Develop ecological site system & refine landscape stratification2 2009 National Assessment Research support (Research Institutes and others) 1 There are specific methods that are used to do this for regional and national assessments and monitoring. To the extent possible, use existing monitoring points (for example, Gobi Forage). 2Based on analysis of 2009 data, other existing data, and new studies by Academy of Science and other scientists. Select key indicators for groups of similar ecological sites2 Measure key indicators (for example, basal cover) Element 3 (local assessment and monitoring) 2014 Contact: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range and Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu), Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) and Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu). 2014 National Assessment

23. (Element 2) Regional assessments of short-term (every 2-4 weeks) forage availability and carrying capacity • Mercy Corps/Gobi Forage Project • Other initiatives

24. (Element 3a) System that herders and local officials can use to decide when to move livestock • Utilization • Plant height • Plant cover • Biomass • Etc…

25. (Element 3b) System that herders and local land managers can use to decide which areas need to be rested from grazing for more than one year • Few, very simple degradation indicators • Different indicators for different regions • Areas with too much wind erosion (wind erosion site) • Areas with too much runoff (gully site) • Areas where palatable species lost • Qualitative AND quantitative indicators can be used • These indicators are related to National Assessment indicators

26. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

27. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

28. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

29. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

30. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

31. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

32. (4) Relationship between 3 elements Standard reference (potential based on ecological sites); shared sampling locations Element 2: Regional forage availability (every 2-4 weeks) Long-term patterns help separate precipitation from grazing effects on long-term indicators Early warning/general patterns Calibrate/validate Element 3a: Local forage availability (when move livestock) Element 1: National Condition Assessment/Monitoring (every 5 years) Identify relevant localindicators for groups of ecological sites Element 3b: Local degradation (when need long-term rest)* *Some local indicators also developed together with herders.

33. Contact information USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA http://usda-ars.nmsu.edu Brandon Bestelmeyer (bbestelm@nmsu.edu) Kris Havstad (khavstad@nmsu.edu) Jeff Herrick (jherrick@nmsu.edu)