Basic Processes and Principles

1. Rationale and Foundation of Current Behavior Analysis and Management Techniques and Methods Basic Processes and Principles

2. Behavior: anything a person "does" • not a person's "deportment" • Two types of behavior (Skinner, 1938) • RESPONDENT • involuntary behaviors (responses) • elicited by known stimuli • eye dialation, shivering, sweating, blinking, etc. • OPERANT • voluntary behaviors (responses) • elicited by learned stimuli • completing homework, fighting, talking, etc. Types of Behavior

3. Influenced by events that follow the behavior • learned as a function of consequences • positive - a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future • negative - a consequence that lowers the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future • contingent - a consequence that follows a behavior conditionally • noncontingent - a consequence that follows behavior without conditions Operant Behaviors

4. Moral of the Story

5. A reinforcer is a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future • Positive Reinforcement - the contingent presentation of a consequence that increases behavior • smile, candy, grade, recess, pay check, etc. • Negative Reinforcement - the contingent removal of some unwanted stimulus that increases behavior • homework, school work, bathing Reinforcers

6. Contingency Table - Reinforcers Stimulus, event, Present Remove or condition Positive condition Aversive condition Attract Escape

7. Moral of the Story

8. Primary • edible foods, liquids • sensory visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, kinesthetic • Secondary • tangible certificates, badges, stickers • privilege monitorships, group leader • activity special play, access to media, extra work • generalized tokens, points, credits • social expressions, proximity, contact, feedback, Categories of Reinforcers

9. Why does it work?

10. Concept Analysis of Behavior Change Theory and Techniques

11. ANTECEDENT A stimulus that precedes a behavior A BEHAVIOR Any observable and measurable act of an individual (also called a response) B C CONSEQUENCE Any stimulus presented contingent on a particular behavior (response)

12. C B A Consequence Antecedent Behavior

13. B1 B2 B3 A

14. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 A

15. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 A

16. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 A

17. Learning History A B C

18. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 A

19. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 30% A 40% 65% 85% 5%

20. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 30% 30% 30% A 40% 65% 10% 85% 5% 40% 5% 60%

21. C1 B1 C2 C3 B2 C4 B3 C5 A 65% 85%

22. SD B SR+ S B • The ability to tell the difference between environmental events or stimuli • Discrimination develops as a result of differential reinforcement Principles of Discrimination

23. Establish Increase or Maintain Decrease

24. CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE INCREASE OR REDUCE ESTABLISH A MAINTAIN A A BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR Consequences Antecedents Consequences Antecedents Antecedents Consequences Contingency Stimulus Extinction Instruction Cueing Shaping Control Management Punishment Premack Modeling Principle Guided Reinforce Participation Competing Behavior Haus & Polsgrove, 1980