Exam #3 W 4/2 in class Review T 4/1 from 5-7pm in PAI 3.02

1. Exam #3 W 4/2 in class Review T 4/1 from 5-7pm in PAI 3.02 Before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement and the immune system

2. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response. CB 48.3 Response

3. CB 48.5 Neurons: signals move through neurons electrically and between neurons chemically

4. At the synapse the electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal at synapse chemical electrical electrical

5. Neurons are commonly connected to many other neurons, and the effect of the different incoming signals determines what the neuron will do. CB 48.16

6. Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.

7. Sensory neurons in human skin CB 49.3

8. Nervous System Signaling Stimulus Integration Transduction Transmission Response

9. CB 49.15 Smells are detected by receptor neurons in our nose. Each receptor is sensitive to a different chemical

10. The brain and the central nervous system integrate the various incoming signals CB 48.19

11. Human Brain Development: Cerebrum- integration and memory Brainstem- homeostasis and input sensory info Cerebellum- motor functions Diencephalon- input to cerebrum and homeostasis CB 48.23

12. CB 48.26 Cerebrum: higher brain function

13. CB 48.26 Neocortex: thin layer on outside of the cerebrum. Highly convoluted in humans, ~5mm thick but ~80% brain mass.

14. CB 48.26 Corpus Callosum: communication between hemispheres

15. CB 48.27 Different regions of the cerebral cortex integrate different inputs/outputs

16. Visualizing the specialization of brain regions CB 48.29

17. Some body parts have more sensory input/ motor control CB 48.28 motor output Sensory input

18. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response. CB 48.3 Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction Response

19. Muscles allow movement

20. An earthworm: without something to push against, muscles are not much use. CB 49.25

21. The skeleton, made of bones, gives support CB 49.26

22. Bones (connective tissue) are alive

23. Connections between bones and muscles

24. Muscles can only contract. Therefore, two muscles are needed for each range of motion. CB 49.27

25. CB 49.27 2 nerve signals for every movement: excitatory and inhibitory

26. How do muscles contract?

27. Excitatory neuro-transmitters released by motor neurons cause muscle cells to contract CB 49.32

28. CB 49.28 Muscle cells are comprised of series of sarcomeres.

29. CB 49.28 Each sarcomere is a repeating unit of actin and myosin proteins

30. CB 49.28 As each sarcomere contracts, the muscle contracts

31. Neuro-transmitters released at nerve/ muscle junction cause calcium to be released in muscle CB 49.32

32. CB 49.31 A third protein, tropomyosin controls when the muscle contracts

33. CB 49.30 ATP provides the energy for myosin movement along the actin

34. CB 49.32 and .33 The contraction of muscle cells causes the muscle to contract

35. Nerves allow us to perceive the environment while the brain integrates the incoming signals to determine an appropriate response. CB 48.3 Responses can be release of hormones, change in cell activity, or muscle contraction Response

36. How do muscles contract? http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200006.htm

37. Einstein’s Brain:http://youtube.com/watch?v=JNOKT-xv7Dw

38. A video about different human reactions to cool: http://www.pbs.org/saf/1507/video/watchonline.htm

39. Exam #3 W 4/2 in class Review T 4/1 from 5-7pm in PAI 3.02 Before Exam #3: the nervous system, movement and the immune system