Mapping Skills Finding Your Location Throughout the World Mr. Kirby World History CHS

1. Every map serves a purpose. Every map has a story to tell. • Mapping Skills • Finding Your Location Throughout the World • Mr. Kirby • World History • CHS

2. Long Term Learning Targets Geography 14. Create and use maps and other geographical representations to extrapolate and interpret geographic data. Daily Supporting Learning Targets I can identify various FEATURES on a map and compare them to one another on the map. I can describe the differences between maps and globes and explain how they are made.

3. Map Skills Literacy The skills needed to read and interpret maps are a part of visual literacy — a set of skills and habits of mind necessary to “read” images. Visual literacy means not just decoding an image but comprehending it — grasping the image’s intended meaning, evaluating it, and incorporating it into other knowledge. These skills are important because maps are frequently the only way to represent certain types of information.

4. PANGAEA • Pangaeawas a supercontinent forming about 300 million years agoand beginning to break away around 200 million years ago, before the continents were separated into their current configurations.

5. Pangaea • PANGAEAwas a supercontinent forming about 300 million years agoand beginning to break away around 200 million years ago, before the continents were separated into their current configurations. EARTH AROUND 200 MILLION YEARS AGO, AT THE TIME OF PANGAEA THE SINGLE LANDMASS BEGAN TO CRACK AND DIVIDE, DUE TO THE SLOW CURRENTS OF MAGNA BENEATH IT THE POSITIONS OF THE CONTINENTS TODAY

6. Continental Drift PANGAEA broke into pieces due to the weaknesses in the earth's crust. CONTINENTAL DRIFT is the movement of the earth's continents relative to each other by drifting across the ocean floor. PANGAEA 220 MILLION YEARS AGO 200 MILLION YEARS AGO 135 MILLION YEARS AGO 10 MILLION YEARS AGO

7. The continents are in slow but constant motion, riding on top of pieces of Earth’s crust called TECTONIC PLATES.

8. Critical Thinking • Choose ONE of the following questions. • In your own words explain describe the meaning of continental drift. • Describe how the continents of the earth have changed over the past hundred million years.

9. What is a Globe? • A GLOBE is the most accurate way of showing the world's surface. • It is a SCALE MODEL of the earth, showing actual shapes, relative sizes, and locations of landmasses and bodies of water. • A globe also provides accurate information about distances and directions between two points. • Globes, however, are very small representations of the earth. • Even a large globe cannot show much detail. • Also, globes are difficult to carry around, and you can look at only ONE HALF of a globe at any one time.

10. What is a Map? • MAPS are one of the oldest forms of non-verbal communication. • A map is a FLAT VISUAL REPRESENTATION of the curved surface of the earth. • It shows how places are related to each other by distance, direction, and size. • Maps are a way of showing a part of the earth's surface on a flat piece of paper. • Because they are flat, they can be shown in a book. • They can be folded up and used for planning trips. • They can show very large areas or very small areas. • Maps are NOT AS ACCURATE as globes, however.

11. Climate Map • A climate map gives general information about the CLIMATE and PRECIPITATION of a region. • Map makers or CARTOGRAPHERS, use colors to show different climate or precipitation zones.

12. Resource Map • An economic or resource map features the type of NATURAL RESOURCES or ECONOMIC ACTIVITY that dominates an area. • CARTOGRAPHERS use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. • For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that oranges are grown there. FLORIDA

13. Physical Map • A physical map illustrates the PHYSICAL FEATURES or LANDFORMS of an area, such as the mountains, hills, ridges, cliffs, valleys, rivers, ponds, and lakes. • The water is usually shown in blue. • Colors are used to show RELIEF or differences in land elevations. • GREEN is typically used at low elevations, and ORANGE or BROWN indicate higher elevations.

14. Relief Map • A relief map shows elevation, or HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL. MONTANA

15. Political Map • A political map does not show physical features. • Instead, they indicate state and NATIONAL BOUNDARIES and capital and major cities. • A CAPITAL CITY is usually marked with a STAR within a circle. VENEZUELA GUYANA COLOMBIA FRENCH GUIANA ECUADOR SURINAME BRAZIL PERU Brasilia BOLIVIA PARAGUAY CHILE URUGUAY ARGENTINA

16. Road Map • A road map shows MAJOR and some MINOR HIGHWAYS and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. • People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions. 143 FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH 266 MASON WEBSTER WALNUT RIVERSIDE 172

17. Topographic Map • A topographic map includes CONTOUR LINES to show the SHAPE and ELEVATION of an area. • CONTOUR LINES that are close together indicate STEEP TERRAIN, and lines that are far apart indicate FLAT TERRAIN. CLOSE TOGETHER CONTOUR LINES INDICATE STEEP SLOPE FARTHER APART CONTOUR LINES INDICATE GENTLE SLOPE HEIGHT

18. Critical Thinking Describe why a topographic map would be useful in recreational activities such as hunting, hiking, or skiing.

19. Map Projections The method used to show the curved surface of the earth as a flat map is called a PROJECTION. The three most common kinds of projections are based on different ways of placing a piece of paper around the globe and projecting the images off the globe and onto the paper. The three kinds of map projections are CYLINDRICAL, CONICAL and AZIMUTHAL.

20. Cylindrical Projection A cylindrical projection map is the MOST COMMON type of map that we see. The earth's surface projected on a map wrapped around the globe as a cylinder. All coordinate lines are STRAIGHT. PARALLELS(↔) cross MERIDIANS (↕) always at right angles. Areas close to the equator have very little distortion. However, the closer to the poles that one travels, the more distorted the map becomes. Greenland appears to be many times larger than it really is. Scale is CONSTANT along each parallel, so meridians are EQUALLY SPACED. All parallels have the SAME LENGTH; the same happens to meridians. GREENLAND

21. Conical Projection A conical projection map is created by placing a CONE shaped screen on a globe. The projection is more accurate than the cylindrical projection map but the further you travel down the map, the more distorted and less accurate the map becomes. MERIDIANS are straight lines, converging at a point. DISTORTION is constant along each parallel. MERIDIANS

22. Azimuthal Projection The Earth's surface projected directly onto the mapping plane produces an Azimuthal map projection. It shows distances and directions ACCURATELY FROM THE CENTER POINT, but distorts shapes and sizes elsewhere. This type of map projection is NOT COMMONLY USED. POLAR VIEW (NORTH POLE) EQUATORIAL VIEW (EQUATOR)

23. Map Distortion Each of the different types of map projections has strengths and weaknesses. DISTORTIONis a FALSE PRESENTATION of angles, shapes, distances and areas, in any degree or combination. No matter how sophisticated the projection process, the original surface's features can never be perfectly converted to a flat map: DISTORTION, great or small, is always present in at least one region of planar maps of a sphere.

24. An orange's peel provides a classic demonstration of DISTORTIONin maps: it cannot be completely flattened unless compressed, stretched or torn apart.

25. There are six types of DISTORTION which any given map might show based on its projection and every two-dimensional map will have three or more: • AREA distortion means that the total land area of a country on a world map may be more or less than it actually measures on the ground. • SHAPE distortion means that the shape of a country on a world map will be distorted from its actual shape. • DIRECTIONdistortion means that the map cannot be used to navigate in a straight line from one point on the map to another. • BEARING(or direction) distortion means that a straight line drawn between two points on the map will not have the same bearing as when using a compass to navigate between those two points in the real world. • DISTANCE distortion means that calculating the distance on the ground from two points on the map (using the map's scale) would not be accurate. • SCALE distortion means that the map scale is only valid at the points where the flat map projection intersects with the sphere of the Earth. Within that circle of intersection, the scale will be too small. Outside of that circle, the scale will be too large. • A GLOBE is the only true representation of the Earth.

26. Critical Thinking • Discuss DISTORTION and why can’t maps represent the surface of the planet the way globes can.

27. 4-Point Compass Rose • A compass rose is a figure on a compass, map, nautical chart or monument used to display the orientation of the CARDINAL DIRECTIONS. • The four CARDINAL DIRECTIONS are the directions of NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, and WEST, commonly denoted by their initials: N, S, E, W. 4-POINT COMPASS

28. 8-Point Compass Rose The intermediate directions are northeast (NE), northwest (NW), southwest (SW), and southeast (SE). They are located HALFWAY between the cardinal directions. 8-POINT COMPASS

29. 16-Point Compass Rose Directions dividing cardinal and intermediate points are calledFALSE POINTS — NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW. 16-POINT COMPASS

30. Map Scale • A map must be drawn to SCALE to be accurate. • The SCALE of a map is often expressed as so many UNITS ON THE MAP equaling so many UNITS ON THE GROUND. • Scale can be described or shown in three different ways: • WORDS: one inch equals 100 miles. • FRACTION or RATIO: 1/100 (one “unit” on the map equals “100” units on the Earth’s surface) • SCALE BAR: Example: The scale on a map indicates that 1-inch equals 240 miles. • Using a ruler, the distance between the two cities is 3 inches. • How far is it from Chicago, Illinois, to Montreal, Canada? 240 miles x 3 inches = 720 miles.

31. Map Symbols • The mapmaker uses standard SYMBOLS. • They represent NATURAL and MANMADE features. • Resemble as closely as possible, the actual features but as viewed from above. HIGHWAY RAILROAD ATHLETIC FIELD DRY LAKE STREAM LAKE

32. Critical Thinking Choose TWO notable sites or businesses in this area and create a logical MAP SYMBOLfor each of them.

33. Map Colors • Map COLORS are used to ease the identification of features on the map. • The colors vary with different types of maps, but on a standard, large scale, TOPOGRAPHIC map, there are five basic colors. • BLACK - used to identify the majority of cultural or MAN-MADE FEATURES, such as buildings, bridges, and roads not shown in red. • RED- main ROADS, built up areas, and special features such as dangerous or restricted areas. • BLUE - is for WATER features such as lakes, rivers, swamps, and streams. • GREEN- identifies VEGETATION such as woods and orchards. • BROWN- all LANDFORMS such as mountains or hills.

34. Relative Location Relativelocations are described by LANDMARKS, TIME, DIRECTION, or DISTANCE FROM ONE PLACE to ANOTHER. The location of a place in relation to another place (i.e. south or downhill). Kansas City, Missouri is just EASTof Kansas City, Kansas. Wisconsin is SOUTHof Canada. It is 3 MILES NORTHWESTof Seattle. Galveston Island, located in SOUTHEASTERN Texas in the Gulf of Mexico, is about 48 MILES SOUTHEAST of Houston. Sherwood, Oregon is a city in the SOUTHEAST CORNER of Washington County. Sherwood is located APPROXIMATELY 14 MILES from downtown Portland.

35. Absolute Location ABSOLUTE LOCATION is using coordinates to find a specific location. Absolute location is the EXACT PLACE where some place is located using longitude and latitude coordinates. The three things used to describe the exact location of a place are DEGREES, MINUTES, and SECONDS. Clackamas, OREGON 45°21′25″N, 122°50′36″W (Latitude) (Longitude) Clackamas is located at 45 degrees, 21 minutes, and 25 seconds north of the Equator and 122 degrees, 50 minutes and 36 seconds west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England.

36. Latitude and Longitude • Any location on Earth is described by two numbers--its LATITUDE and itsLONGITUDE. • If a pilot or a ship's captain wants to specify position on a map, these are the COORDINATESthey would use. • Every point on the earth has a unique COORDINATE. LATITUDE LONGITUDE GLOBAL GRID

37. Understanding Latitude • Latitude gives the location of a place on Earth, north or south of the EQUATOR. • The equator separates the Earth into NORTHERNand SOUTHERN hemispheres. • Lines of latitude are the imaginary HORIZONTAL lines () shown running east-to-west or west–to-east that run either north or south of the equator. • They are also called PARALLELS. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE EQUATOR SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

38. TheEQUATOR is latitude 0°, and then the number increases both going down and going up. • Going up, latitude degrees are N (north); going down, they areS(south). • Locations NORTH of the equator have latitudes between 0° (the equator) and 90° N (the North Pole). • Locations SOUTH of the equator have latitudes between 0° (the equator) and 90° S (the South Pole). 90° N (NORTH POLE) 60°N NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 30°N EQUATOR 0° 30°S SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE 60°S 90° S (SOUTH POLE)

39. A DEGREEcontains 60 MINUTESand a minute contains 60 SECONDS. • A degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles, and a minute of latitude is approximately 1.15 miles. • A second of latitude is approximately 0.02 miles, or just over 100 feet. • Know when giving a location, LATITUDE (N or S) always comes first andlongitude(E or W) always is second. 1°N 69 Miles 0° EQUATOR

40. Understanding Longitude • Longitude gives the location of a place on Earth going EAST or WEST. • The line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, in England, establishes zero degrees of longitude, or the PRIME MERIDIAN. • Lines of longitude are the imaginary VERTICAL lines (↕) that run from the top of the Earth to the bottom. • They are called MERIDIANS. 0° PRIME MERIDIAN EASTERN HEMISPHERE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

41. A degree of longitude VARIES in size. • At the equator, it is approximately 69 miles, the same size as a degree of latitude. • The size gradually DECREASES to zero as the meridians converge at the poles. • A circle has 360°. • Longitude values to the EAST of the PRIME MERIDIAN can be specified by 0° to 180° E. • Longitude values to the WEST of the PRIME MERIDIAN can be specified by 0° to 180° W. 0° WEST EAST 90°W 90°E 80°W 80°E 180°W 180°E PRIME MERIDIAN

42. International Date Line The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line that runs from the north to the south pole and marks the boundary from ONE CALENDAR DAY FROM THE NEXT. It passes through the middle of the Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180° longitude but it deviates to pass around some territories and island groups. The International Date Line is on the OPPOSITE SIDEof the Earth to the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is the meridian from which all other TIME ZONES ARE CALCULATED. Time zones to the east of the Prime Meridian are in ADVANCE; time zones to the west are BEHIND. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

43. Google Earth • Google Earth lets you fly anywhere on Earth to view satellite imagery, maps, terrain, 3D buildings, from galaxies in outer space to the canyons of the ocean.

44. Global Positioning System • The Global Positioning System uses EARTH ORBITING SATELLITES to transmit signals which enables a GPS receiver to determine the location, speed, direction, and time.

45. Map and Globe • Skills Practice

46. PRACTICE: • Which picture shows lines of longitude? • Which picture shows the Western Hemisphere? • Which picture shows the measure that demonstrates how far north or south a place is from the equator?

47. PRACTICE ANSWERS: • Which picture shows lines of longitude? • Which picture shows the Western Hemisphere? • Which picture shows the measure that demonstrates how far north or south a place is from the equator? B C A

48. PRACTICE: • 4. The ____________ is used as a starting point for measuring latitude. • 5. Latitude lines run _______ to _______, but they measure _______ to _______. • 6. The __________________ is the starting point for measuring longitude. • 7. Longitude lines run _______ to _______, but they measure _______ to _______. • 8. Latitude and Longitude are measured in __________. • 9. The equator is ___° latitude. • 10. The prime meridian is ___° longitude. • 11. How are latitude lines above the equator labeled? North, South, East, or West. • How are longitude lines to the left of the prime meridian labeled? North, South, East, or West. • Answers: • 4. Equator • E to W, N to S • Prime Meridian • N to S, E to W • Degrees • 0 (zero) • 0 (zero) • North • West

49. Select which letter matches the correct latitude and longitude coordinates on the map. 13. 20º South, 20º East 14. 20º South, 100º East 15. 20º North, 40º East 16. 60º South, 40º West 17. 10º South, 40º West 18. 0º, 140º West 19. 40º North, 100º West 20. 80º North, 0º 21. 40º North, 60º East 22. 50º North, 120º East

50. Select which letter matches the correct latitude and longitude coordinates on the map. 13. 20º South, 20º East (F) 14. 20º South, 100º East (A) 15. 20º North, 40º East (H) 16. 60º South, 40º West (D) 17. 10º South, 40º West (J) 18. 0º, 140º West (C) 19. 40º North, 100º West (G) 20. 80º North, 0º (B) 21. 40º North, 60º East (E) 22. 50º North, 120º East (I)