China's History: From Great Civilization to Imperialism

1. China 中國 p. 309

2. Why China? • China’s great civilization had lasted 5000 years. • They had all they needed and controlled many of their neighbors • Periodically, rebellions changed the governments, but the culture continued. • China resisted allowing foreigners in its borders. • Britain needed trade and implored the imperial government. • China refused by buy British goods. • A war erupted and Britain won. • It was too big for Great Britain to control, so it only took the economically strong parts of China. • Spheres of influence • Other Europeans did the same thing with what Britain did not take.

3. Balance of trade: • the difference in trade from a country (exports sold/money in) and to it (imports bought/money out). • Until the 20th century gold and silver only were used.

4. Trade • Trade surplus: • a country exports more goods to, and takes in more money from, its trade partner. • Trade deficit: • a country imports more goods from, and takes in less money from, its trade partner. • EC: Why did we learn these two terms? (2) • Britain bought more Chinese goods than China bought British goods, causing Britain’s treasury to grow dangerously small.

5. China in Danger • EC: Britain discovered that a product in its Indian colony was highly desired in China: • opium. • Soon Britain had recovered much of its treasury. • However, opium abuse was crippling Chinese society and its economy.

6. China in Danger • EC: The emperor, appointed _____________ to stop the opium trade. • Lin Zexu • He did the following…. (3) • banned opium sales. • arrested Chinese and British merchants. • confiscated and destroyed much opium.

7. Opium War: • 1839. A small British naval force invaded the Chinese coast. • The large, outdated Chinese fleet and forts were decimated by British gunboats, • including the first steam-powered, ironclad vessel, HMS Nemesis. • British troops soon marched on Nanking (Nanqing). • There, the Chinese government sued for peace.

8. the Treaty of Nanking (1842) • It was the first of many “unequal treaties” Europeans would force on China, securing their “spheres of influence” on China’s wealthy regions. The Treaty of Nanking included:

9. the Treaty of Nanking (1842) • Indemnity: • payment a war’s loser must make to cover the cost of a war to the winner. • China would be forced to pay 21 million pounds (today about $2.4 billion) in reparation to Britain. • Extraterritoriality: • foreigners are not under the laws of the country they are visiting, but under their own country’s laws and courts. • Europeans breaking a law in China were to be arrested and dealt with by their own authorities, not the Chinese.

10. the Treaty of Nanking (1842) • EC: Britain would have exclusive trade control of six Chinese ports: • Canton, • Amoy, • Foochowfoo, • Ningpo, • Shanghai, • Hong Kong • Missionaries would be allowed to live and work in China.

11. More Invasions • EC: Soon, others Imperialists would gain similar, but lesser parts of China (spheres of influence) • France, • Russia, • Germany, • Italy, • Japan, • and the United States

12. Taiping Rebellion: • Popular revolt against the Qing government, in 1850. • Hong Xiuquan, began a war for independence in southeast China. • Raised by Christian missionaries in southern China, • Claimed to be a relative of Jesus Christ, • he drew a large following of peasant men and women.

13. Taiping Rebellion: • EC: Hong Xiuquan’s goals included: (3) • The end of Qing rule in China • Equality for all men and women • Prosperity for all (wealth was taken from the rich and shared equally) • After 14 years, the Taiping Rebellion was defeated.

14. Sino-Japanese War: • 1894, a smaller Westernized Japanese military defeated China. • Japan took • the island of Formosa (Taiwan), • part of Korea, • Japan gained more access into China.

15. Open Door Policy: • 1899, US Secretary of State, John Hay’s, proposal that all foreign powers should have equal, free access to each other’s spheres of influence and Chinese-controlled ports. • The Imperialists agreed, • China was not asked its opinion.

16. Guang Xu: • Emperor of China who attempted to modernize it, in 1898. • Began what is called the “Hundred Days of Reform”. • He began westernization • In his fourth month, the Empress Dowager, Ci Xi, had him arrested, and, • it is believed, she had him poisoned. • She still opposed Westernization.

17. Drive out the Foreign Devils • Ci Xi hated the “foreign devils” (Europeans, Japanese, and Americans), An opportunity arose around 1899 to drive them out: • Boxer Uprising: • a popular Chinese uprising against foreigners, • led by the men of the “Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists”

18. Sun Yixian(Sun Yat-sen): • Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Movement. • He was Western educated • His earlier Revolutionary Alliance promoted the “Three Principles of the People”: (EC 3) • Nationalism, “China for Chinese!” • eventually ending foreign control • Representative government • Economic security for every Chinese

19. Standards Check, p. 310 • How did British trade with China trigger the Opium Wars? • The British introduced opium; • when the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade, the British responded with troops and gunboats.

20. EC: By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty was weakening: (7) • Corruption • Tax evasion by the rich • Opium addiction • Defeats to European invaders • Decaying infrastructure (canals, dikes, roads) • Natural disasters • Exploding population facing starvation

21. Thinking Critically, p 311 • Questions • 1 How did conditions in China lead to the Taiping Rebellion? • Living conditions for peasants worsened, causing them to finally rise up under Hong Xuiquan’s leadership • 2 Which regions were most greatly affected by the Taiping Rebellion? • Areas of southeastern China

22. Standards Check, p. 311 • How did the Taiping Rebellion and other internal problems weaken the Qing Dynasty? • Years of turmoil, • power given to regional leaders, • weakened the Qing dynasty • made China vulnerable to European encroachment

23. Standards Check, p. 312 • How did reformers try to solve China’s internal problems? • Reformers tried to • Modernize, incorporate Western technology • Build industry • Streamline government

24. Image, 312 • Why were Westerners and Western influences a source of discontent for the Boxers? • Because they ignored Chinese laws and customs

25. Biography, 313 • How did Sun’s background prepare him to lead? • It gave him access to ideas that he may not have had if he had only been raised in Chinese culture.

26. These new, Western-educated Chinese groups began to demand rights. • By 1910, China would have a constitutional monarchy. • by 1912, Qing Emperor Pu Yi was deposed, and the Republic of China was proclaimed by Sun Yixian’s Nationalist Party.

27. Standards Check, p. 313 • What caused the Qing dynasty to fall? • The Boxer Rebellion led to faster Chinese Westernization • Increased Chinese nationalism • Caused the toppling of the weak emperor and the Qing Dynasty.

28. Quick Write • Why would the Boxers want to rid themselves of all Western advances and influences?

29. Propaganda Poster • Create a propaganda poster advocating change in China. • From the point of view of the Boxers or the supporters of Sun Yixian. • Incorporate the ideas of the group that you are making the poster for. • Include a slogan and an image.