Understanding Inflectional Morphemes and Categories in Linguistics

1. Today’s Topics -review (inflections vs. categories) -Lith. problem (pers. inflecs.) -grammatical case inflections -word formation

2. Review Inflectional morphemes vs. inflectional categories Infl. categories: conceptional categories that have an inflectional paradigm (Eng: past tense, noun sg-pl)

3. Inflectional paradigms paradigm: related set of conceptual categories (tense: pres-past-future; number: sg-pl inflectional paradigm: pres-past-fut tense: PAST -(e)d is an inflectional morpheme: added to the verb stem

4. Inflectional morphemes inflectional morpheme -(e)d: walk-walked what about sing-sang, speak-spoke? no inflectional MORPHEME here: two different roots (ablaut)

5. Class Problem #2 Lithuanian: ‘dream’ (Class Problem #2) PRESENT PAST FUTURE 1PSg sapnúoju sapnavaũsapnúosiu 2PSg sapnúoji sapnavaĩ sapnúosi 3Sg sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs 1PPl sapnúojame sapnãvome sapnúosime 2PPl sapnúojate sapnãvote sapnúosite 3Pl sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs

6. Class Problem #2, cont. Answers: PRESENT PAST FUTURE 1PSg (sap-n)-úoj-u (sap-n)-av-aũ (sap-n)-úo-s-iu 2PSg -i -aĩ -i 3Sg -a -o -Ø 1PPl -ame -ome -ime 2PPl -ate -ote -ite 3Pl -a -o -Ø

7. Inflections, cont. Inflectionalparadigm: well-defined set of inflectional morphemes Kinds covered so far? tense, number, person, gender

8. Inflections, cont. 4. Grammatical case Clicker Q #1: Does English have grammatical case? A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

9. Grammatical Case, cont. Answer: All lgs have grammatical case. Clicker Q #2: Is grammatical case a conceptual category for English? A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

10. Grammatical case, cont. Answer: A or C. Pronouns: Nominative—NonNominative I me they them... (to, at, for, from) me

11. Grammatical case, cont. Lithuanian case paradigm: 1st and 2nd declensions tree bread • Nominative mìs˘k-as dúon-a Subject • Genitive mìs˘k -o dúon-os ‘of’ • Dative mìs˘k-uidúon -ai ‘to, for’ • Accusative mìs˘k -a˛ dúon-a˛DirObj • Instrumental mis˘k-ù dúon-a ‘with, by’ • Locative mìs˘k-è duo`n-oje ‘in, on, at’

12. II. Word Formation • Payne’s ‘Big Ten’ morphological processes • (PREFIX)-ROOT-(SUFFIX)-(INFLEC. suffix) = stem re- writ- ing -s

13. A. Prefixation Eng.: re-write (*re-happy) un-happy, un-do anti-social (*anti-do) Clicker Q #3: Do any English prefixes have a grammatical function? A =Yes, B =No

14. Prefixation, cont. Answer: No. Cf. grammatical prefixes: ASPECTUAL prefixes (Slavic lgs) Verbal ASPECT vs. Tense

15. Aspect Example: PERFECTIVE vs. IMPERFECTIVE (completion, result) (anything else) Some languages (but not English) mark this opposition morphologically.

16. Aspect, cont. Clicker Q #4: A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4 How many of the following sentences is in the Imperfective aspect? ‘I wrote a poem today.’ ‘I wrote a poem painstakingly.’ ‘I was writing a poem when you called.’ ‘I wrote a poem every day.’

17. Aspect, cont. Clicker Q #5: Does English mark for aspect morphologically? A = Yes, B = No

18. Aspect, cont. Answer: Yes. PROGRESSIVE vs. HABITUAL I am swimming. I swim for exercise. PROGRES. vs. PF and IMPF I was swimming. I swam a mile. I swam for hours.

19. Aspect, cont. Clicker Q #6: What aspect(s) does the present tense have? A = Perfective. B = Imperfective. C = Both.

20. Aspect, cont. Answer: Imperfective. Back to prefixation: PERFECTIVIZING prefixes (Slavic) Most unprefixed verbs in Slavic are Imperfective: Russ. pisat’ ‘write’

21. Perfectivizing prefixes, cont. na-pisat’ ‘write-PF’ za-pisat’ ‘write down-PF’ pere-pisat’ ‘rewrite-PF’ pod-pisat’ ‘sign-PF’ do-pisat’ ‘finish writing-PF’ Aktionsarten

22. B. Suffixation English: Nominalizing: happi-ness from Adj. edit-ion from Verb edit-or Agentive, from Verb

23. Suffixation, cont. Adjectival suffixes: from verbs read-able ed-able from nouns child-like child-ish bratt-y

24. Suffixation, cont. Adverbial: from adjs.: slow-ly from nouns: hour-ly from verbs? swimming-ly?

25. Suffixation, cont. IMPERFECTIVIZING suffixes (Slavic) pisat-IMPF’ — za-pisat’-PF (Russ.) ‘write’ ‘write down’ IMPF of za-pisat’? za-pis-iva(j)-t’

26. C. Infixation Bontoc (Austronesian): fikas > fumikas 'strong' 'strength' ADJ NOUN

27. D. Stem Modification Example? Ablaut: Eng/Ger sing-sang-(ge)sung(en) Eng take-took-taken Eng write-writ

28. E. Autosegmental Variation English examples? re-córd vs. réc-ord con-vért cón-vert per-mít pér-mit Function? Rule? Limitations?

29. III. Word Formation Rules Notation systems for showing these: position-class diagramming vs. process rules

30. Position-Class Diagramming • Isolate root • Identify affixes • Estimate the order of the morphemes • Analyze any prefixes • Analyze any suffixes

31. Class Problem #3 Russian: pisat' to write, be writing pisal(a) he(she) wrote/was writing pisanie a writing pis˘u I write/am writing pis˘es you write/are writing perepisat’ to rewrite (once) perepisal(a) he(she) rewrote (once) perepis˘u I will rewrite (once) perepis˘es˘ you will rewrite (once) perepisanie a rewrite perepisivaju I rewrite, am rewriting perepisivajes˘ you rewrite, are rewriting perepisivat' to be rewriting, rewrite a lot perepisival(a) he(she) was rewriting, rewrote a lot perepisivanie the process of rewriting

32. Clicker Q #7 Which suffix is the Present Tense suffix in the forms of Russian pisat’? A. -a- B. -s˘- C. -u and -es˘ D. -ivaj- E. none of the above

33. Answer E. None

34. Answer Prefix ROOT Suffix1 Suffix2 (Suffix3) pere- pis- -a- -nie (noun) -ivaj- -t' (inf) -l Past -Ø MascSg -u 1Sg -a FemSg -es˘ 2Sg PfPrefix ROOT ImpfSuffix Nominalizing Suffix (Gender Suffix) Infinitive Suffix Past Tense Suffix Masc, Fem Sg 1PSg Suffix 2PSg Suffix

35. Morphophonemic changes:Process Rules In 1-2Sg Non-Past, where no Imperfectivizing suffix: (pere-) pis-a-t’ Inf (pere-) pis-a-l-a Past (pere-) pis˘-u 1PSg (pere-) pis˘-es˘ 2PSg BUT: (pere-) pis-ivaj-u Derived Impf

36. Consonant mutation (pere-) pis-a-u -es˘ > (pere-) pis˘-u -es˘ V > Ø / ___ -V C > C’ (palatalized) Note rule ordering here

37. Consonant truncation pere-pis-ivaj-u NonPast 1PSg -es˘ NonPast 2PSg BUT: pere-pis-iva-t’ INF -l(a) PAST RULE: j > Ø /____-C

38. Process Rules, cont. METATHESIS: reordering of sounds in a morpheme or across a morpheme boundary Bg: NonPast — Imperative du˘rz˘-a dru˘z˘-Ø I hold/am holding hold (it)! Clicker Q #6: What is the root? A. du˘rz˘ B. dru˘z˘ C. neither D. both

39. Methathesis answer: 4. Both (or 3. neither) More data: du˘rz˘-a NonPast1PSg dru˘z˘-Ø Imperative 2Sg -es˘ “ 2PSg -te “ 2Pl -ex PastImperfect1PSg -ka Noun ‘a handle’ -es˘e “ 2PSg

40. Rule If postulate two roots: du˘rz˘ and dru˘z Cu˘rC-V Cru˘C-C -Ø If postulate one root: drz˘ CrC > Cu˘rC /___-V, Cru˘C /___-C -Ø

41. One-root solution: Similar to non-concatenative morphology Biblical Hebrew ktb root 'write' kətob Imperative katob Infinitive etc. Cf. Serbian/Croatian: drz˘! ‘hold it!’ grl-o ‘throat’