Language Portal Dutch/Frisian Afrikaans

1. Language Portal Dutch/Frisian Afrikaans Setswana IsiXhosa

2. Editor: Hans BroekhuisMeertens Institute

3. Nouns 2 volumes, 1150 pp. Published 2012 Hans Broekhuis Evelien Keizer (deel 1)Marcel den Dikken (deel 2) Adjectives 650 pp. Published2013 Hans Broekhuis Adpositions 390 pp. Published2013 Hans Broekhuis

4. Verbs3 volumes, 1840 pp. published 2015-6 Hans Broekhuis, Norbert CorverRiet Vos (vol. 1) Coordination and ellipsis 374 pp. published2019 Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Corver

5. Organization of the presentation • The history of the Syntax of Dutch (SoD) project, and what we can learn from this for future syntax projects. • Points of departure of SoD. • The overall organization of SoD, and why it is desirable that other syntax projects adopt the same macrostructure as SoD. • Cooperation and sharing of the SoD material with other syntax projects

6. History of SoD History of SoD • 1993 (Pilot project); 0,8 fte • 1994-97 (writing applications + first attempts on AP-part); 1 fte in total • 1998-2001: Project funded by the Dutch organization of scientific research NWO (draft versions of the AP-, NP- and PP-parts); 9 fte • 2008-2010: Project financed by, o.a., the Truus & Gert Van Riemsdijk Stiftung (completing, updating and editing of the AP-, NP- and PP-manuscripts); 2,5 fte • 2011-2016: Language Portal funded by NWO and Meertens Institute (VP-part); 6 fte • 2017-2018: Meertens Institute (coordination and ellipsis); 2 fte • Total: 21,3 fte (+ appr. 1 fte for external copy-editing)

7. Statistics SoD • Personnel:  20fte • Main text:  4400 pp. • Production per fte:  220 pp. • Production per workday: 1 page • Includes meetings, writing applications, study of literature, writing text, producing and processing comments on drafts, copy-editing and layout.

8. More information: www.linkedin.com/in/hbroekhuishans.broekhuis@meertens.knaw.nl • Publisher: Amsterdam University Press • All volumes can also be downloaded freely from Oapen.org • Internetversion: www.taalportaal.org

9. Points of departure and organization • Goal • Theoretical background • Object of description • Scientific interest • Organization of the material

10. Points of departure:Goal SoD aims at presenting a synthesis of currently available syntactic knowledge of Dutch. Syntax is construed as the structural description of sentences and their constituting parts. SoD is not concerned with the many other interesting facets of Dutch linguistics such as diachrony, variation, discourse, etc.

11. Points of departure:theoretical background Not only presents SoD the findings of earlier approaches to the language, but it also includes the results of the formal linguistic research carried out over the last five decades that often cannot be found in the existing reference books. It should be emphasized, however, that SoD is primarily concerned with language description and not with linguistic theory; the reader will generally look in vain for critical assessments of theoretical proposals made to account for specific phenomena.

12. Points of departure:Intended readership SoD is not intended for a specific group of linguists, but aims at a more general readership. SoD is a work of reference that is accessible to a larger audience that has some training in linguistics and/or neighboring disciplines. SoD provides support to all researchers interested in matters relating to the syntax of Dutch. Although we did not target this group, many of the descriptions we provide are also accessible to advanced students of language and linguistics.

13. Points of departure:terminology The specification of our target group above implies that we have tried to avoid jargon from specific theoretical frameworks and to use as much as possible the lingua franca that linguists use in a broader context. Whenever we introduce a notion that we believe not to be part of the lingua franca, we will provide a brief clarification of this notion in a glossary.

14. Points of departure:Object of description The object of description is aptly described by the title of the series, Syntax of Dutch Syntax is the field of linguistics that studies how words are combined into larger phrases and, ultimately, sentences. Our goal of describing the internal structure of phrases and sentences means that we focus on competence (the internalized grammar of native speakers), and not on performance (the actual use of language).

15. Points of departure:Object of description The object of description is aptly described by the title of the series, Syntax of Dutch The notion of Dutch refers to the set of varieties that are normally called Standard Dutch. However, when the knowledge is available and the data are of intrinsic interest for the description properties of more regional/dialectical varieties may also be discussed. For instance, it may be important to know that Standard Dutch features just a subset of the possessive dative constructions found in other varieties of Dutch.

16. Points of departure:Scientific interests Formal-linguistic research in the last 40 years has delivered many important results for the description of Dutch. It has not only provided many new insights but it also resulted in a vast set of empirical data. It is important that such results are catalogued in a systematic manner. The SoD aims at satisfying the following needs: • Archiving the data • Filling the lacunas in the available data collections • Making the data accessible to non-Dutch speakers • Frame of reference for future research • Frame of reference for comparative research • Bridging the gap between • the various linguistic subdisciplines • the various linguistic theories

17. Organization of the material • How is SoD structured • And why it would be useful if other syntax projects use a similar macro structure • The micro structure of the grammar can be more flexible and will probably be greatly affected by the available literature on the language: • linguistic tradition • theoretical orientation • empirical focus • etc

18. Macrostructure V N A P Intro- duction Paardekooper Internal syntax External syntax

19. Introduction V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Internal syntax External syntax

20. Internal syntax (binnenbouw) V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Complementation Modification Extended project. Internal syntax External syntax

21. External syntax(buitenbouw) V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Complementation Modification Extended project. Internal syntax Argument Predicate Adjunct External syntax

22. The Introduction V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Complementation Modification Extended project. Internal syntax Argument Predicate Adjunct External syntax

23. The introduction • Provides all information that strictly speaking is not part of the syntactic description but that we want to include for some reason, e.g. • Morphology • Semantics • Syntactic preliminaries • Etc. • Illustrations that follow are from the VP-manuscript

24. Introduction: General characterizationHow we can recognize the lexical category in question? • 1.1.General characterization • 1.1.1.Semantic characterization • 1.1.2.Morphological characterization • 1.1.3.Syntactic characterization

25. Introduction: syntactic and semantic classification(s) • 1.2.Verb classifications • 1.2.1.Main and non-main verbs • 1.2.2.Syntactic classification of main verbs • 1.2.2.1.Lexical properties of verbs • 1.2.2.2.Basic classification of main verbs • 1.2.3.Semantic classification of main verbs • 1.2.3.1.Aktionsart: Vendler’s aspectual event classification • 1.2.3.2.Participant roles in events • 1.2.3.3.Extensions of Vendler’s four-way distinction • 1.2.3.4.Other semantic classifications • 1.2.4.Linking the syntactic and semantic classifications • 1.2.4.1.Valuing classifications • 1.2.4.2.Some correspondences • 1.2.5.Conclusion

26. Introduction: Morphology • 1.3.Inflection • 1.3.1.Verbal stem • 1.3.2.Infection of finite verbs • 1.3.3.Inflection of non-finite verbs • 1.3.3.1.Infinitives • 1.3.3.2.Past/passive participles • 1.3.3.3.Present participles • 1.3.4.Regular versus irregular verbs

27. Introduction:Syntax/semantics • 1.4.Mood • 1.4.1.Indicative • 1.4.2.Imperative • 1.4.2.1.Meaning of the imperative • 1.4.2.2.Formal properties of the imperative • 1.4.3.Subjunctive

28. Introduction:Syntax/semantics • 1.5.Tense, modality and aspect • 1.5.1. Tense • 1.5.1.1. Binary tense theory: time from a linguistic perspective • 1.5.1.2. A comparison with Reichenbach’s approach • 1.5.1.3. Conclusion • 1.5.2. Epistemic modality • 1.5.2.1. The epistemic modal verbs moeten ‘must’ and kunnen ‘may’ • 1.5.2.2. The verb zullen ‘will’: future auxiliary or epistemic modal? • 1.5.2.3. Future reference and pragmatics • 1.5.2.4. Conclusion • 1.5.3. Aspect • 1.5.4. The Dutch verbal tense system • 1.5.4.1. The uses of the simple tenses • 1.5.4.2. The uses of the perfect tenses

29. Internal syntax V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Complementation Modification Extended project. Internal syntax Argument Predicate Adjunct External syntax

30. Complementation I • 2 Verbal Projections I: argument structure • 2.1. Nominal arguments • 2.2. Complementives (secondary predicates) • 2.3. PP-complements (prepositional objects) • 2.4. AP-complements • 2.5. Special verbs

31. Complementation II • 3 Verb frame alternations • 3.1. Main types • 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument (Passive, middle, causative-inchoative, etc) • 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs • 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation

32. Complementation III • Ch.4: Selection of clauses/verb phrases (introductie) • Ch 5. Argument and complementive clauses • 5.1. Finite argument clause • 5.2 Infinitival argument clause • 5.2.1 Om + te-infinitivals • 5.2.2 Te-infinitivals • 5.2.3 Bare infinitivals • 5.3 Complementives • Ch. 6 Complements of non-main verbs • 6.2.1 Past/passive participles • 6.2.2 Te-infinitivals • 6.2.1 Bare infinitvals • Ch 7 Verb Clusters

33. Modification Ch.8 Adverbial Modification 8.1. Semantic types of adverbial modifiers 8.1.1. Overview 8.1.2. Adverbial phrases of manner 8.1.3. Modality and frequency 8.1.4. Time 8.1.5. Place 8.2. Categorial types of adverbial modifiers 8.2.1. Overview 8.2.2. NP modifiers 8.2.3. AP modifiers 8.2.4. PP a modifiers 8.2.5. VP modifiers 8.2.6. Clauses 8.3. The order of adverbial modifiers

34. Extended projections • Ch. 9 General introduction (overall organization of the clause) • Ch. 10 Placement of the finite verb (V1/2) • Ch. 11 Clause-initial position • 11.1.The formation of V1‑ and V2-clauses (wh-movement) • 11.2.Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty • 11.3.Clause-initial position is filled • Ch. 12 Postverbal positions (Extraposition) • 12.2.Arguments, complementives and selected measure phrases • 12.3.Modifiers of the clause • 12.4.Parts of constituents • 12.5.Word order • Ch. 13 The middle field of the clause • 13.2. A-Scrambling: nominal argument shift • 13.3. A-scrambling: negation, focus and topic movement • 13.4. Weak proform shift

35. External syntax V N A P Semantics Morphology Syntax Intro- duction Complementation Modification Extended project. Internal syntax Argument Predicate Adjunct External syntax

36. Extra’s • Ch. 14 Main-clause external elements • 14.1. Pragmatic markers • 14.2. Left dislocation • 14.3. Right dislocation • 14.4. Other cases • Extra’s can be of various types: • Extraclausal elements (VP part) • Adjectival use of participles and infinitives (AP part) • R-pronominalization (PP part) • Etc.

37. Macrostructuur

38. Advantages of applying the overall organization of SoD to other projects • It is general enough to be applied to a wide variety of languages; see also Alberti & Fargas (2014). • It reflects current research by providing a description of phrases in terms of lexical (VP, NP, AP and PP) and functional layers (CP, TP, DP, QP, etc). • Adopting a similar overall organization for all future syntax projects will enhance the usefulness of the syntactic descriptions for cross-linguistic research and accessibility. • With a growing number of projects, the individual projects can readily check whether they have overlooked something important by simply looking at the other projects. • It may save time by providing a ready-made structure.

39. Potential problems with the overall organization of SoD #1 • The description of both internal and external syntax introduces potential redundancies; this is why Paardekooper confined himself to internal syntax • SoD opts for including external syntax because it simplifies the description of the general properties of certain constructions by allowing us to abstract away from more specific properties related to the specific categorial manifestations of the constructions • Example: it allows us to separate the discussion of the general properties of predicative constructions (internal syntax of clauses) from the more specific properties of nominal, adjectival or prepositional predicates (external syntax of NP, AP and PP)

40. Potential problems with the overall organization of SoD #2 • The description of both internal and external syntax increases the logistic complexity of the project when more researcher are involved: • More than one team may be responsible for the description of one and the same phenomenon • Example: in the case of predicative constructions mentioned above this involves the team working on the internal syntax of VP, and the other teams working on the external syntax of NP, AP and PP). • Continuous interaction and a clear division of labor between teams is therefore essential. • Consistency of implicit “analysis” must be controlled by, e.g., an editor-in-chief. • etc.

41. Solution for problem #2?

42. Potential problems with the overall organization of SoD #3 There are topics that do not fit within the overall structure given that it goes beyond sentence grammar, e.g. coordination of sentences. SoD dealt with this in a separate volume. Alternative solution:It should be considered to supplement the four main groups (V, N, A & P) with a group “miscellaneous topics” with may include monographs on binding, control, NPI, discourse phenomena, etc.

43. Microstructuur • The microstructure of SoD differs considerably from that of the other parts of Taalportaal • PhoD and MoD topics contain three subparts: Quick Info, Readmore and Extra. • SoD topics have a more complex structure with various kinds of embedding in a Wikipedia-like manner. • This partly a historical accident but is also due to the nature of e.g. morphological and syntactic phenomena; the former can be treated in a dictionary-like manner, while the latter are less susceptible to such an approach.

44. Authoring Tools for SoD • MS-Word template • Style definitions • Shortcut keys • Macro’s (e.g. for automatic numbering and cross-referencing of the examples) • Checking tools • Conversion tools: MS-Word to TP-XML (developed by Frank Landsbergen)