Sangin Kim, Jaejin Lee, Hanjo Lim *

1. World Trends of Responsible Nanotechnology Researches • Sangin Kim, Jaejin Lee, Hanjo Lim* • Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ajou University, • Suwon 443-749, Korea. 4th Iran Nano Festival, Tehran / Iran, Oct. 5th, 2011

2. Contents Characteristics of Nano-scale Science & Technology 1 2 Research Ethics and Needs of REs in NT Researches 3 Ethics in Nano-scale Science & Technology R & D 4 5 Some Important World Trends Summary

3. Characteristics of Nano-scale Sci. & Tech. 1 • NST : Sci. & Technol. exploring and utilizing drastic property • change of materials in nanoscale (less than 100nm). • large area materials. • low-dimensional systems. • structural change → property change. • Enabling, Disruptive, Ultimate manufacture technology. • General purpose material technol. , One of the NBIC systems. • Passive/Active nanostructures → system of nanosystems → • converging technologies from nanoscale. • Materials in use define the age of culture and civilization. • Next era: NT era

4. Characteristics of Nano-scale Sci. & Technology 1 Nano-mechanical devices Quantum Physics Materials Science Nanoelectronics Carbon nanotubes Organic elecronics Nano-composites Nano-tribology Nanotechnology for functional devices & ICT Inorganic self-assembly Nanomaterials: bulk, coating & soft materials Tool coatings Quantum dot LEDs and LDs Photo-voltaic Suspension and inks Aerospace Electronics, Information Cosmetics Magneto-resistive devices Manufacture Bio-molecular data processing Colourants Textile Nano-structured catalysts Material Micro-nano implants pharmaceutical Supply Food & beverage Nano-filtration Chemical Drug delivery Bio-synthesis of functinal molocules Environmental DNA Array Nanotechnology for chemistry & environment Bio-sensors Batteries Bionanotechnology Biochip Energy storage Biological self-assembly Bio-catalysis Supra-molecular self-assembly Supramolecular Chemistry Molecular Biology J. Ryan, GSF ’04.7

5. 1 Generations of Products and Productive Processes 1 Timeline for beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization (2000-2020)

6. 2 Research Ethics (REs) and Needs of REs in NT Researches • Ethics in general • Law : constrain human actions, objective discipline. • Morality : regarding internal, subjective to a person. • Ethics : combine objectivity of law and subjectivity of morality. • Ethical attitude is difficult to control by law, but very important for • the credibility of an expert and the progress of a scientific society. • Research Integrity in hard science (e.g., Physics) • Same results from identical experiments (Needs of Lab. Notes) • Very few Basic Laws (4 fundamental forces) • Exact logics  predictability • Scientific research needs Exactness, Objectivity and Predictability.

7. 2 Ethical Issues in Research Activities (History and Present) • Life ethics : Considerations on human body and animal test. • Nuernberg code (1949), Helsinki declaration (1964), Belmont Report (1979) • Ethical issues on the problem of dishonesty • William Summerin (1974), Herrmann Brach (1990), J. Hendrik Schoen (2002) • Implementations at funding agencies • USA : started in 1985 → OSI ('89), UK: MRC ('97), Germany : DFG ('97), • Korea : Edu. Ethics at Med. Sch. ('80), Not active until 2005 (hum. stem cell). • Present status of Researcher Ethics • Expands depending on the confronted situation. • Diverse aspects in researches → difficult to list up all the items. • Code of conduct : ethics for the experts → difficult to be applied by the law.

8. Lim&Lee 2 Research Ethics (REs) and Needs of REs in NT Researches • Principles to be included in the Research Ethics • Exactness, objectiveness & reproducibility of the results (science). • Research results should be positive for the human being. • Research activity should meet general concept of ethics. • - Ex) Seven ethical principles of scientist (BAAS, Sept. 2007). • Actual situation : Rather complicated. (Ex : plagiarism) • Plagiarizing /paper duplicating : stealing or cheating the creativity of peers. • - Simply rejected in the hard science communities. • - Changing eng. variables and cumulative res.: import. in process engineering. • - Concepts of plagiarism in engineering fields are slightly different. • NT products : Process depend. properties. → Importance of Res. Ethics.

9. Lim&Lee Dreams Reality Night - mares 2003 2010 Ethics in Nano-scale Sci. & Techcnol. R&D 3 • Social reaction on new technology and NT visibility Source : Dr. R. Maruyama (SONY) NT: Entering to the real industry. Lack of informations on side effects. • Lessons from GMO • Insufficient dialogue btw researchers and public in the early stage of R&D. • Dominant supplier (e.g., Monsanto)major consumption by poor people • (Asia and Africa). • Concerns : Possibility of long-term side effects. • Responsible Res. in NST is very important at present status.

10. Lim&Lee Risks in Nano-scale Science and Technology 3 • Risks of NTs • Not enough proof of no-danger (ex : toxicity of nanoparticles). • Risk of risk communication (ex : public perception on NP toxicity). • Nano divide like the “digital divide”. • Military abuse and/or Privacy concerns. • Uncertain toxicological effects of nanoparticles • Depend on size, shape, surface area, chemical compositions. • - CNT Carbon nanohorn, Accumulation of Ag NPs at kidney. • - Disagreement between data for the same NPs (flaws). • Depend on diff. stages of manuf. and/or life-cycle of the products. • - Extensive study on EHS issue is crucial for a further progress of NT. • - EHS study : Expensive. Res. Funds on EHS study from the companies (?).

11. Ethical, Legal & Soc. Impl. Issues in NT Res. Lim&Lee 3 • Factors needed for the responsible researches • Metrology and stadardization are essential for technol. & business develops. • - Errors or false explanations. on the phys. prop. subject to surf. and interfaces. • NST should be based on a hard science characteristics. • Exposing infos/data is important for the public understanding (EHS). • Communication with public : not to mislead the public (positive or negative). • - NT : Fledgling revolutionary technology → Broad influence on our life. • Social agreement is crucial for its broad diffus. to the public as IT does currently. • - Problem : Easy to be unconditionally enthusiastic or exaggeratedly loathsome. • - Conflicts btw improvements of individual life quality and social welfare. • Should keep a fair position in providing positive and negative infos. • Wait so that society can prepare a concrete countermeasure on neg. effects. • Serious contemplations are needed on…. .

12. Ethical, Legal & Soc. Impl. Issues in NT Res. 3 - How the NT products would be used? - What products or technologies would come from NTs? - What kind of restrictions should be imposed on the NT researchers? - How can we overcome the side effects of NT products? • Suggestions • ELSI evaluatation including EHS study (ex ; TiO2, CNT): increase of budget. • - large scale interdisciplinary and systematic cooperation (problem identification/ • case studies/ethic-legal analysis/consensus developments/public consultation/ etc. • International cooperation and International (or sub-int’l) standards. • - EHS: OECD WPMN, Policy/Societal Implications: OECD WPN • - Standardization: ISO TC 229, Ethics: UNESCO • Formation of experts for the EHS study and ELSI issues.

13. Lim&Lee Some Important World Trends 4 • Existence of significant barriers in NT commercialization • UNESCO: COMEST Activities • - Several Publications on NT Ethics from 2006, Trying CoC • USA:- Recognize importance of NT-related EHS & ELSI issues • - Increase NNI budget from 67.9 M$(’08) to 116.9 M$(’11) clear principles to identify plausible risks of NT products. and implement strategic planning on EHS issues. information resources on EHS issues. To Develop To Foster administr. changes and communications mechanisms. • E U: Most active in 3 major regions for respons. researches. (source : 2010 NNI Report to US President & Congress) • - 2008 : Issue of EC-CoC [Def. Responsibity(Ⅹ), 7 principles] 7 principles ; Meaning, Sustainability, Precaution, Inclusiveness, Excellence, Innovation, and Accountability.

14. Lim&Lee Some Important World Trends 4 ex 1) Sustainability : NS & NT research activities should be safe, ethical and contribute to sustainable development serving the sustainability objectives of the Community as well as contributing to the United Nations’ Millennium Develop- ment Goal. They should not harm or create a biological, physical or moral threat to people, animals, plants or the environment, at present or in the future. ex 2) Innovation : Governance of NS & NT research activities should encourage maximum creativity, flexibility and plan- ning ability for innovation and growth. EC-CoC : Not Mandatory, Voluntary & Incentives, Credits

15. Lim&Lee Some Important World Trends 4 - 2011 : Issue of EC-CoC MasterPlan and CodeMeter.

16. Lim&Lee Some Important World Trends 4 - 2011 : Issue of EC-CoC MasterPlan and CodeMeter. Possible scenarios to extend the scope of the EU-CoC. • Japan: No specific declaration from Japan NT Societies • China: NT goods certification. Code of Conduct (?) • Korea : Active discussions on Response. NT Res., Outcome: 4 Laws.

17. Lim&Lee SUMMARY 5 • NT: enabling, disruptive and ultimate manufacture technology. • some uncertainty in EHS effects : Not well solved yet. • Ethical attitudes are important for a new technol. like NT : • Exactness, objectiveness, predicatability, and general • concepts of ethics. • ELSI Issues are important for the sustainable future of NST • - Ethical attitude of NST researchers. • - Voluntary and appropriate communication with public. • - Wait the society prepare concrete countermeasure on negative effects. • Interdisciplinary researches, international cooperations and budget: crucial • Some major economies : trying to provide CoC.