Two notions of consciousness

1. Two notions of consciousness • 1. General state of arousal (sleep vs. wakefulness) • 2. Attentional focus or current awareness (watching football game or listening to wife) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. Understanding Consciousness • Alternate States of Consciousness (ASCs): mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

3. Cognitive Studies of Consciousness: Generally deal with 2nd notion • 1. Consciousness as attentional focus: Cocktail party effect (selective attention) • 2. Automatic vs. Controlled processing (effects of practice on conscious awareness) • 3. Implicit vs. Explicit memory • Recall test vs. Perceptual Identification test • Effects of priming ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

4. Cognitive Studies of consciousness: Priming test • Word or non-word RT measure • FORK = word; DXMZ = non-word • SIGN – FORK • DXMZ – FORK • SPOON – FORK (sig reduction in rt) • Unconscious priming? -- yes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

5. Cognitive studies of consciousness: Exclusion task in priming • Coconut…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only tree/uncon: either • Hand…palm (tree or wrist?) cons: only wrist/uncon: either • Stem completion task: complete BUT_ _ _ (could be butter or butler). What happens when one is presented earlier either consciously or unconsciously?) But can only be excluded consciously ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

6. Cognitive studies of consciousness: Brain Damaged Subjects • 1. Blindsight: loss of visual consciousness due to damage to primary visual cortex • 2. Prosopagnosia: loss of face recognition due to damage to temporal lobe visual pathway. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

7. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep • NREM (Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: • Stage 1 (lightest sleep) • Stage 2 (deeper sleep) • Stages 3 and 4 (deepest sleep) • REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) Sleep: • Light sleep (also called paradoxical sleep) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

8. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) • NREM (non-REM) sleep: • includes Stages 1 through 4 • involves lower-frequency brain waves, decreased pulse and breathing,and occasional, simple dreams • serves a biological need (NREM needs met before REM needs) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

9. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep (Continued) • REM (Rapid-Eye-Movement) sleep: • also known as paradoxical sleep. • involves high-frequency brain waves, increased pulse and breathing, large muscle . • serves a biological need. • may play a role in learning and consolidating new memories. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

10. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep in a Typical Night ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

11. The EEG, EOG, and EMG are common tools for sleep research. Sleep and Dreams: Research ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) What Happens When We Sleep

12. Sleep and Dreams: Stages of Sleep & Brain Waves ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

13. Sleep and Dreams: Over the Life Span ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

14. Sleep and Dreams: Average Daily Hours of Sleep for Different Mammals ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

15. Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Sleep? • Repair/Restoration Theory: sleep helps us recuperate from daily activities • Evolutionary/Circadian Theory:sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators • Cognitive Theory:dreams improve information processing ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

16. Sleep and Dreams: Why Do We Dream? • Psychoanalytic Theory: dreams are disguised symbols (manifest versus latent content) of repressed desires and anxieties • Biological Theory (activation-synthesis hypothesis): dreams are simple by-products of random stimulation of brain cells ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

17. Sleep and Dreams: Sleep Disorders Two major categories: • Dyssomnias: problems in amount, timing, and quality of sleep • Parasomnias: abnormal disturbances during sleep ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

18. Sleep and Dreams: Three Forms of Dyssomnias • Insomnia: persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early • Sleep Apnea: repeated interruption of breathing during sleep • Narcolepsy: sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

19. Sleep and Dreams: Narcolepsy in Dogs ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

20. Sleep and Dreams: Two Forms of Parasomnias • Nightmares: anxiety-arousing dreams occurring near the end of sleep, during REM sleep • Night Terrors: abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

21. Psychoactive Drugs • Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

22. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms • Drug Abuse: drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the individual or others • Addiction: compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

23. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms • Psychological Dependence: desire or craving to achieve effects produced by drug • Physical Dependence: bodily processes have been somodified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

24. Psychoactive Drugs: Important Terms (Continued) • Withdrawal: discomfort and distress experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs • Tolerance: decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

25. Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 1.Depressants:act on the CNS to suppress bodily processes (e.g., alcohol, valium) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e) Alcohol & Neurotransmitters

26. Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

28. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants 2.Stimulants:act on the CNS to increase bodily processes (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

29. Psychoactive Drugs: Opiates 3.Opiates:act as an analgesic or pain reliever (e.g., morphine, heroin) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

30. Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens 4.Hallucinogens: produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

31. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

32. Applying Psychology to Everyday Life:Club Drug Alert! • Popular “Club Drugs”: • Date Rape Drug (Rohypnol) • MDMA (Ecstasy) • GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) • Special K (Ketamine) • Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) • LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

33. Psychoactive Drugs: How They Work • Step 1). Alter the production or synthesis of neurotransmitters. • Step 2). Change the storage or release of neurotransmitters. • Step 3). Alter the reception of neurotransmitters. • Step 4). Change the deactivation (block the reuptake or break-down) of excess neurotransmitters. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

34. How Psychoactive Drugs Work (Step 3: Agonists vs. Antagonists) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

35. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

36. Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness • Meditation: group of techniques designed to refocus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an ASC ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

37. Hypnosis: trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

38. Hypnosis is used to treat chronic pain, severe burns, dentistry, childbirth, psychotherapy. Healthier Ways to Alter Consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

39. Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Indications of rituals to achieve ASC? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

40. Traditional ceremonies • Mandan Indiana sun-dance: altered state as pain endurance ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

41. Ritual Use of Altered State Intoxicants • As far back as we can trace, humans have used consciousness altering rituals and intoxicants, but always together and always under supervision or regulation. The ritual regulated the drug use. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)