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09a Transition to cranial n erves and the pathways associated with them See pp. 360-370 in book

09a Transition to cranial n erves and the pathways associated with them See pp. 360-370 in book. What parts of the PNS are most proximal to the CNS?. Spinal nerves Cranial nerves. Spinal nerves

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09a Transition to cranial n erves and the pathways associated with them See pp. 360-370 in book

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  1. 09aTransition to cranial nerves and the pathways associated with themSee pp. 360-370 in book

  2. What parts of the PNS are most proximal to the CNS? • Spinal nerves • Cranial nerves

  3. Spinal nerves • Described as mixed nerves: carry both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers of trunk and limbs • Somatic afferent and efferent • Autonomic/visceral afferent and efferent

  4. Spinal peripheral nerves (cont.) • Sensory: posterior • Dorsal root connects to dorsal horn of gray matter • GSA (general somatic afferent) and GVA (general visceral afferent) • Motor: anterior • Ventral root connects from ventral horn of gray matter: beginning of “final common pathway” of somatic motor system, contains lower motor neurons • GSE (general somatic efferent) and GVE (general visceral efferent)

  5. Now, transition to cranial nerves • Compare cranial nerves to spinal nerves • Some cranial nerves are motor only, and some are sensory only. (Only some of the cranial nerves are mixed, like the spinal nerves are) • Some of the cranial nerves do not carry both somatic and autonomic nervous system functions; the spinal nerves carry both somatic and autonomic nervous systems functions

  6. Cranial nerves • Some are sensory only, some are motor only, and some are mixed. • All have some relation to speech, language, hearing, communication, and/or swallowing • Largely voluntary, but some include autonomic and reflexive pathways • Organized in pairs • Each pair designated by name and Roman numeral

  7. Cranial nerves have associated nuclei, which are organized in clusters and columns Damage to nuclei can mimic damage to the cranial nerves themselves

  8. Focus in on cranial nerves (there are 12 pairs) • Roots connect to CNS • brainstem • uppermost spinal cord • Exit brain and pass through skull to reach the sense organs or muscles of head and neck with which they are associated • Relatively unprotected (susceptible to damage) • All twelve relevant to speech, language, communication hearing, &/or swallowing • When cranial nerves or their associated nuclei are damaged, this can be one of the causes of: • dysarthria (speech motor disorder) • dysphagia(swallowing disorder)

  9. Steps in learning cranial nerves • Find location of cranial nerves • Learn the names associated with each cranial nerve • Overview of organization of cranial nerves • Details of each cranial nerve • Name and location • Function • Clinical tests of function

  10. Cranial Nerves – Ventral view

  11. Cranial Nerves – Dorsal view Dfdf Trochlear Nerve (IV)

  12. Cranial Nerves – Lateral view

  13. Names of the cranial nerves: A friendly mnemonic…

  14. Some cranial nerves sensory, some motor, and some both

  15. Relationship to speech, hearing, facial expression, swallowing…

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