Preview Starting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The King Becomes Emperor

2. Preview Starting Points Map: Monarchs of Europe Main Idea / Reading Focus The King Becomes Emperor Artistic Achievements Spain under Philip II The Power of Spain

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4. The Power of Spain Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s, but economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s. • Reading Focus • What challenges did King Charles I face when he became Emperor Charles V? • What were some artistic achievements of Spain’s golden age? • How did Spain rise and then decline under Philip II?

5. Imposing Their Will Kingly Trait • Absolute monarchs believed they ruled by divine right • Monarchs received power from God, must not be challenged • 1500 through 1700s, absolute monarchs tried to impose their will across much of Europe, lands beyond • In Spain, Charles struggled to keep empire under control • 1516, teenaged Charles became King Charles I of Spain • Inexperienced, but had one kingly trait—as member of ancient, powerful Hapsburg family, prepared to rule as absolute monarch • Absolute monarch, ruler whose power not limited by having to consult with nobles, common people or their representatives The King Becomes Emperor

6. Emperor Charles V Enemies Everywhere • 1519, throne of Holy Roman Empire became vacant • Position elective; Charles borrowed money to buy votes • Became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Holdings expanded to parts of Italy, Austria, various German states • So vast ‘the sun never set” over it • Ruling vast territories not easy task for Charles • Faced enemies on all sides—Ottoman Turks, French, rebellious German princes • Also fought for religious control over Europe • Wanted Europe to be Roman Catholic • Growing Protestant movement threatened influence Charles V and the Empire When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.

7. Confrontation • 1521, Charles confronted Protestant leader Martin Luther directly • In spite of Charles’ efforts, Protestants gained influence • Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread • After years of warfare, Charles V had to sign Peace of Augsburg • Peace • Agreement gave each German prince right to decide if his state would be Catholic or Protestant • Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality • Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy

8. Charles V more successful in Americas than in Europe During reign, Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain Among explorers King Charles supported Hernán Cortés, who conquered Aztec empire Francisco de Coronado, who explored American Southwest region Silver and gold flowed from American colonies Brought Spain fabulous wealth Success in Americas

9. Imposing Their Will Relinquished Thrones • Brother took over Hapsburg holdings in Austria • Son, Philip II, ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies • Charles V moved to monastery, dream of unified empire unfulfilled • Frustrated by failures in Europe • 1556, Charles V gave up thrones • Decided to divide large empire • Split between his brother and his son Dividing the Empire

10. Draw Conclusions In what ways was Charles V successful as an emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

11. Art Court Painter • One of most prominent painters, Greek Domenicos Theotocopoulos • Became known as El Greco; style famous for elongated figures • Much work religious, reflected Spain’s central role in Counter-Reformation • Another Spanish painter, Diego Velázquez • Created masterpieces portraying people of all social classes with great dignity • Velázquez had privilege of being the court painter Artistic Achievements • From 1550 to 1650, Spanish golden age of artistic achievement • Became known as the Golden Century

12. Literature • Writers • Spanish golden age also produced fine writers • Greatest was Miguel de Cervantes • Cervantes • Most famous work, Don Quixote de la Mancha • About man caught between medieval, modern worlds • Colonial Writers • Writers in Spain’s colonies produced works of merit • Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz wrote poetry, prose, plays • Church Criticism • Church officials criticized Sister Juana for some of her ideas • She believed women had right to education

13. Summarize What were some achievements of Spain’s Golden Century? Answer(s): paintings by El Greco and Velásquez, writings by Miguel de Cervantes and Juana Ines de la Cruz

14. Religion and Revolt Catholicism in Territories Revolt in the Low Countries • King Philip II devout Catholic • Saw himself as leader of Counter-Reformation • Marriage to Queen Mary I of England chance to spread Catholicism • Mary died before having heir to return England to Catholic faith • Philip also wanted to secure position of Catholicism in European territories • Philip’s faith clashed with Calvinist Protestantism of northern Low Country provinces • 1560s, bloody revolt began Spain under Philip II • Spain at peak of grandeur with reign of Philip II • One reason—stream of gold and silver from colonies in Americas • With wealth came power—but gold could not solve Spain’s problems

15. Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip To punish, Philip sent army under command of Duke of Alba Alba set up court Known locally as Court of Blood Tortured, executed thousands suspected of being rebels Cruelties made situation worse; rebellion broke out anew Revolt dragged on for decades 1609, truce reached Seven northern provinces formed independent nation, the Netherlands Southern provinces remained in Spanish hands Dutch Revolt

16. Spain and England • English Aid to Dutch • Dutch revolt deepened another rivalry, between Spain, England • As fellow Protestants, England sent aid to Dutch rebels • England’s assistance to Dutch infuriated Philip • Attacks on Spanish Ships • Philip also worried about English attacks on his ships • England’s Queen Elizabeth I allowed ship captains to attack Spanish treasure ships, steal gold, silver for England • Invasion Planned • King Philip II wanted to stop England from raiding ships, return England to Catholic Church • Decided to invade England

17. Naval Battles Armada Not Invincible • Spanish packed ships with soldiers for land invasion • Also planned to be joined by Spanish forces in Netherlands • Faced fierce naval battles that severely damaged fleet • English aimed eight fire ships at remaining ships of Armada • Spanish ships fled in panic, disarray • As damaged ships made way home, several were wrecked Philip’s Armada • Philip ordered navy to assemble great fleet, the Spanish Armada • Totaled about 130 ships, 20,000 soldiers, sailors • 1588, invincible fleet sailed into English channel • Queen Elizabeth I rallied troops and prepared for attack

18. Internal Problems Americans Join the Battle • Spain’s real problems internal • Philip’s government centralized • He trusted no one • Court riddled by factions, suspicion • Government action practically came to standstill • Philip spent wealth from Americas on constant warfare • Borrowed money often; went bankrupt four times • Prices driven up, inflation • Spain did not develop industries An Empire in Decline • The defeat of the Armada was not the end for Spain, which recovered from the loss. • But England remained Protestant, defiant, and undefeated. Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power.

19. Recall What were two events that caused problems for Spain? Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada