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Ancient Structures and Simple Machines

Explore how ancient people built massive structures like the pyramids and Stonehenge without modern machines. Understand how simple machines make our lives easier.

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Ancient Structures and Simple Machines

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  1. Think about it: How did ancient people build massive structures such as the pyramids in Egypt and Stonehenge? If we did not have the large machines that we have today for building, would we still be able to make these large structures? Why?

  2. Essential Question:How do simple machines make life easier for us? Standard: S8P3c. Demonstrate the effect of simple machines (lever, inclined plane, pulley, wedge, screw, and wheel and axle) on work.

  3. At the top of your paper…write what work is! ***Work is when an applied force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.

  4. Suppose you try to push a brick wall over. Is this considered work? Why or why not?

  5. No. Work is done only when an object moves in the same direction of the force that is being applied. With your person next to you, list two examples of work and two examples of NO work.

  6. Work = Force x distanceW = F x d

  7. A machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. Look at the list below and identify which are considered machines: • Can opener • Doorknob • Brake • Knife

  8. Machines • There are simple machines and complex machines • Complex machines have 2 or more simple machines • There are six (6) types of simple machines: inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, pulley, and wheel and axle

  9. Add things in red, blue, and green to your Simple Machines Note Taking Sheet.Red: Simple MachineBlue: What is it?Green: How does it make work easier?

  10. Inclined Plane

  11. Inclined Plane • Straight, slanted surface • Makes work easier because it is easier to move something to a higher or lower place

  12. With the person next to you, identify at least 3-4 examples of an inclined plane.

  13. Inclined Planes Bathtub Steps Sloping Roads Ramp

  14. Inclined Planes Other examples: http://www.mikids.com/SMachinesInclinedPlanes.htm Playground slide, ski jump, animal ramp, wheelchair ramp, etc.

  15. Wedge

  16. Wedge • Inclined plane that moves • Two inclined planes joined back to back • Wider or thicker at one end than at the other • Makes work easier because when moved, a wedge cuts, splits, or pries apart objects (including air and water)

  17. With the person next to you, identify 3-4 examples of a wedge

  18. Wedge Axe Knife Zipper Bottle Opener Boat Stern

  19. Wedge Other examples: http://www.mikids.com/SMachinesWedges.htm Door stop, forklift “forks”, teeth

  20. Screw

  21. Screw • Inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder with a wedge at the tip • Makes work easier because it applies lots of force with little effort • Makes work easier because it is used to hold things together Thread

  22. With the person next to you… • Identify 3-4 examples of screws • Do more threads on a screw make work easier or harder? Why? • Why might a screw be called a complex machine?

  23. Screws Swivel stool Jar lid Drill bits Cork screw

  24. Screw • More threads on a screw make it easier to turn, but it takes longer • A screw might be called a complex machine because it has both an inclined plane and a wedge at its tip

  25. Lever

  26. Lever • Made up of a bar that pivots at a fixed point called a fulcrum • Force applied to a lever is called the effort • Object moved is the load • Three classes of levers • makes doing work easier by reducing the force needed to move an object

  27. Levers-First Class In a first class lever the fulcrum is in the middle and the load and effort is on either side

  28. Levers-Second Class In a second class lever the fulcrum is at the end, with the load in the middle

  29. Levers-Third Class In a third class lever the fulcrum is again at the end, but the effort is in the middle

  30. With the person next to you, list 3-4 examples of a Lever.

  31. Levers – First Class Seesaw Shovel Hammer’s claws Scissors

  32. Levers – Second Class Stapler Wheelbarrow Nut cracker

  33. Levers – Third Class Tongs Fishing Pole Tweezers Broom

  34. Wheel and Axle

  35. Wheel and Axle • Consists of two circular objects of different sizes • A wheel is connected to a post (axle) • Wheel is larger than the axle • Makes work easier because it applies more force or lifts a heavy load with less effort

  36. With the person next to you, list 3-4 examples of a Wheel and Axle.

  37. Wheel and Axle Wrench and bolt Door knob Wellcrank Steeringwheel

  38. Pulley

  39. Pulley • Wheel and axle with a groove around the outside • A pulley needs a rope, chain or belt around the groove to make it do work • Makes work easier by changing the direction of the force or multiplying the effort used

  40. With the person next to you, list 3-4 examples of a Pulley.

  41. Pulley Flag Pole Ski Lift Clothesline

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