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CCTV 101

Infinova. CCTV 101. What Is CCTV? . What Is The Purpose Of CCTV? CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is a System Installed For: Deterrence Overtly Installed Cameras/Monitors To Deter Actions Observation Overtly Or Covertly Installed To Observe Actions Documentation

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CCTV 101

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  1. Infinova CCTV 101

  2. What Is CCTV? What Is The Purpose Of CCTV? CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is a System Installed For: • Deterrence Overtly Installed Cameras/Monitors To Deter Actions • Observation Overtly Or Covertly Installed To Observe Actions • Documentation Recorded To Document Observed Actions Basic CCTV System Monitor Cable Camera

  3. How Does it Work • The Camera Samples the Scene, Coverts It To an Electrical Signal, and Sends It Down The Coaxial, Fiber Optic or IP To The Monitor. The Monitor Electrically Charges the Front of the Picture Tube to Re-create the Image. The Monitor Blanks and the Process Repeats.

  4. Choosing A Lens

  5. Choosing A Lens Determine Your Field of View • Area of Concern Define The Size of The Area That Needs to Be Viewed Utilizing CCTV Camera • Coverage General Coverage (Wide Angle View) -or- Detail Coverage (Narrow Angle View) Determine Your Lens Selection Factors • Target Area Size Of Area To Be View (Horizontal And Vertical) (Vertical View Will Be 3/4 Of Horizontal View) • Object Distance Distance From Camera Mounting Position To Area Being Viewed • Camera Format Size Of Imager Being Used In The Camera (Typically 1/3" Or 1/2") Horizontal Target Area Object Distance Camera Format Vertical

  6. Choosing A Lens General Lens Selector Format Wide Angle Standard Telephoto HFOV = (2x Object Distance) (= Object Distance) (1/2x Object Distance) 2.0mm 3mm 6mm 1/3" 2.8mm 4mm 8mm 1/2" 3.7mm 6mm 12mm 1 /4” Field of View: Camera Viewing Doorway At 10' Distance 2.8 MM (20 Ft. Wide) 4MM (10 Ft. Wide) 8MM (5 Ft. Wide)

  7. Choosing A Lens Lens Field of View Calculator Select Camera Format (1/4” 1/3",1/2") Align Format With Object Distance Align V Or H (Vertical Or Horizontal) On Clear Slider With Desired Viewing Area at this Selected Distance Read The Required Lens Focal Length (F) V H Focal Length F Object Distance Format This Process Can Be Reversed To Determined What View Pre-selected Lens Would Give From A Specific Object Distance.

  8. Choosing A Lens View Finder Lens Gauge Look Through View Finder, Selected Desired Viewing Area Note Lens Focal Length Requirement Based On View Selected. Focal Length and Imager Selection

  9. 12.52MM Deep 17.52MM Deep Camera and Lens Compatibility Lens Mounting Types Lens are Available In Two Mounting Styles: C And Cs C-Mount Lens Mount 5mm Deeper Than CS-Mount Lenses. C-Mount CS-Mount The Rules of Lens Mounting C/CS Spacer C/CS Adjustment CS-Mount Lens on C Mount Lens C-mount Lens Never! CS-Mount Camera on Camera With on CS-mount C-mount Lens Adjustable C/Cs Camera Using Directly On Mount CS/C Adaptor CS-mount Camera

  10. Camera and Lens Compatibility • Lenses and Imager Format Lenses Are Made For Specific Camera Imager Formats (Chip Sizes). A Lens Format Equal To To The Camera Format Is Best. (Example. 1/3" Lens With 1/3" Camera) A Lens Format Greater ThanThe Camera Format Is Good. (Example: 1/2" Lens With 1/3" Camera) A Lens Format Smaller Than The Camera Format Is Not Acceptable! Image Cropping (Tunnel Vision)

  11. Lens Iris Types The Lens Iris (Aperture) Is An Adjustable Opening Which Regulates The Amount Of Light Passing Through The Lens. The Main Types Are: • No Iris - Lenses With No Iris Adjustment. Suitable For Indoor Cameras In Steady Light Conditions And Electronic Shutter (Electronic Iris). Mostly Used on Pinhole Board Level Cameras • Manual Iris - Lenses With Manually Adjustable Iris. Suitable For Indoor Camera Applications With Steady Light Conditions. • Auto Iris - Lenses With Automatically Controlled Iris Responding to Changing Light Conditions. Suitable for Indoor or Outdoor Camera Applications. This is the Most Common Lens Due to its Scene Lighting Adaptability

  12. Auto Iris Lenses There Are Two Types Of Auto Iris Video and DC Video Type Auto Iris Lenses Video Type Lenses Sample the Video Signal Coming From the Camera and Adjust the Iris Aperture Accordingly. Video Lenses Have Fine Tuning Adjustments on Them for Iris Opening Control (Level) And Reaction Speed (ALC). Level (Iris Opening Control) Picture Is Dark. Adj. Clockwise To High (H). Picture Is Bright, Adj. Counter-clockwise To Low (L). ALC (Iris Reaction Speed) Contrast Is High, Adj. Clockwise To Average (A) Contrast Is Low, Adj. Counter-clockwise To Peak (P) To Camera DC Auto Iris Lenses DC Type Auto Iris Lenses Are Controlled Directly By A Circuit Within The Camera. Any Fine Tuning Of The Lens (If Applicable) Is Done At The Camera. This Has Become The Most Common Lens Type No External Controls All Iris Functions Controlled By Camera To Camera To Camera

  13. F-Stop F-stop is the Comparative Rating For Lens Iris Opening To Compare How Much Available Scene Lighting is Passed Through the Lens and Iris to the Camera Imager. • The Lower The F-stop, the More Light A Lens Will Pass. • The Higher The F-stop, the Less Light A Lens Will Pass. Lens Passes More Light (Less Scene Light Or Less Sensitive Camera Required) F/0.7 F/1.0 F/1.4 F/2.0 F/2.8 Lens Passes Less Light (More Scene Light Or More Sensitive Camera Required) Each Increase In F-stop Reduces Light Available to Camera Imager Incrementally

  14. Special Application Lenses • Varifocal Lens With Manually Variable Focal Length, Adjustable With A Short Range. (Typically 3.5 To 8mm, 6 To 12mm, 9 to 22mm and 5 to 50mm) • Zoom Lens Lens With Adjustable Focal Length, Manual Or Motorized (Remote Control) Wider Range Than Varifocal Lens (Example: 6-36mm, 6-60mm, 8-48mm, 8-80mm, 10-100mm ) • Pinhole Lens Lens With Very Small Opening On Front To Allow Viewing Through Small Hole (1/8" Or Less). Allows Camera And Lens To Be Concealed. For Covert and Discreet Applications • Aspherical Lens Specially Manufactured Lens That Has An Very Low F-stop. (Typically F/1.0 Or Less)

  15. Monitors

  16. Monitors • What Size Monitor? Getting The Most From Your Monitor • Proper Location Place Monitor In A Cool Dry, Well Ventilated Area. If It's In A Rack, Make Sure It Has A Cooling Fan To Circulate The Air. • Proper Set Up Turn Contrast And Brightness All The Way Down. First, Slowly Turn Up The Contrast Until Picture Highlights Are Visible. Second, Slowly Turn Up The Brightness Until A Good Picture Is Visible. Instruct The Customer Not To Make Any Adjustments To The Monitor. • Proper Termination If Your Video Signal Ends at the Monitor, Put the 75 Ohm/HI-Z in the 75 Ohm Position. This Stops the Signal at the Monitor. If the Signal is Being Passed on to Another Device Put the Switch in the HI-Z Position. • Monitor “Burn In” If the CRT Monitor is Constantly Displaying the Same Image or Scene Eventually The Internal Interlace Coating will “Burn Select Monitor Size By Distance Minus 4 Rule (Monitor Size = Viewing Distance) From Monitor (Feet) Times 4 = 4 Equals Monitor Size Required in Inches)

  17. Cable • Coax Construction and Function Center Primary Means Of Carrying Video Signal. Must Be Solid Copper Or Copper Clad Steel. Dielectric Insulating Material Spaces Center Conductor Evenly From Shield. Determines Operating Characteristics Of Cable. Shield Ground Between Camera And Monitor. Shields Video Signal From Outside Interference. Must Be Copper With Coverage Of 95% Or More.

  18. Cable Length Extending Your Cable Run With A Video Amplifier Coax Maximum Length Maximum Length with Amplifier RG59 500 Feet 3,000 Feet RG6 1,000 Feet 4,500 Feet RG11 1,500 Feet 6,000 Feet Camera Power Cable (Twisted Pair)18 AWG 500 Feet16 AWG 750 Feet14 AWG 1,000 Feet Video Amp

  19. Things Avoid When Routing Cable • Too Many Splices Max. 5 Splices From Camera To Last Monitoring Point Without Amp. Camera And Monitor Count As First Splice. • Staples And Hot Pipes Exposed Or Shorted Copper Braids Can Cause Impedance Problems And Ground Faults. • AC, Phone, And Computer Lines Induce Noise Onto Video Signal • RF Sources, Florescent Lamps, Motors Induce Noise Onto Video Signal • Excessive Pulling And Flexing Intermittent Break In Center Conductor • Outdoor Cable Runs Use Outdoor Rated Cable. Indoor Cable Absorbs Watt Moisture And Changes Electrical Properties. • 3/100/100 Rule When Parallel To Other Cables Carrying Phone, Power. or Data Keep the Coax Coax 3 Feet From These Cable For Every 100 Feet They Run Parallel for Every 100 Volts they Carry.

  20. Digital Control Systems When Mounting A Camera With A Pan/Tilt And Zoom Lens More Than 200 Feet From The Control Equipment A Digital Control System May Be Required. Digital Controls Transmit Pan/Tilt and Zoom Controls Signals Over Coax (Same One Used For Video) Or Over Separate Twisted Pair Wire. Signals Are Decoded By Receiver at the Pan/Tilt And Zoom. PTZ Receiver Coax or Twisted Pair Digital PTZ Control Local 110V Power

  21. Multiple Control Sites, Multiple PTZ Sites Some Digital Control Systems Allow Control Of A PTZ From Multiple Sites. Some Control Systems Allow Control Of Multiple PTZ From One Site. PTZ Receiver Control Site #1 Control Site #2 Local 110V Power PTZ Receiver Control Site #1 Selector Local 110V Power PTZ Receiver Local 110V Power

  22. Housings And Domes Purpose of Housings and Domes • Protection For The Camera From The Environment, Tampering, or Damage • Concealment For Covert Observation Considerations For Housings: Where Will It Mount? (Wall, Pole. Roof, Ceiling. Corner) Is There Enough Space Inside For The Camera And Lens? For Outside Housings, Also Consider: • Protection From The Environment and/or Damage? • Heater And Blower and/or Sunshield? (Use Separate Power Source For Heater Blower To Prevent Transients For Blower Motor From Affecting Camera Picture Quality!) • Can Pan/Tilt Or Scanner Handle The Weight Of The Housing And Camera? • What About Wind Resistance? (This Can Add 20% More Weight Burden)

  23. Considerations For Domes • Will Pan/Tilt and/or Camera And Lens Fit Into The Dome? • Sufficient Light Available To Allow A Light Loss of 1 F-Stop By A Tinted Dome? • Sufficient Light Available To Allow A Light Loss of 2 F-Stops By A Mirrored Dome? Housing/Dome Location Considerations: Rooftop Under Overhang Pole Mount Enough Clearance to Open Housing From The Top Mounting Straps/Adaptor To Mount To Pole? Power For Camera. Heater/Blower. Receiver Available? Permission From Owner Of Pole To Mount To It? (Utility) Parapet Mount (Allows Mount to Swung Around For Access)

  24. What's Wrong With This Picture? Bright Spot Smears on the Monitor Cameras Are Designed to View Light Reflected From The Scene Being Viewed. When You Have A Bright Light Source In The Picture It May Produce A Bright White Spot With A Vertical Line Through It. This Is A Problem Especially At Night. Solution: Reposition Camera To Avoid Bright Light Source In Scene. Bright Background, Dark Foreground A Camera In A Darker Area Viewing Into A Brighter Area The Iris To Close Or The Imager To Reduce Gain. This Causes The Unlit Area To Appear Darker. Solution: Reposition The Camera To Avoid Bright Background, Illuminate Foreground To Even Scene Lighting, or Use Camera With Backlight Compensation.

  25. What's Wrong With This Picture? Picture Rolls When Switcher Changes The Cameras and Switcher Get Synchronization to Generate Frames From The AC Power They Use. If The Cameras and Switcher Power Supplies Are Out Of Phase They Do Not Coordinate Frame Creation and Change. This Can Result In Frame Creation By The Camera Occurring During Frame Changing By The Switcher. Solution: Power Cameras And Switcher From Same Phase Power Supply. If Problem Persists, Reverse Leads On Camera. Picture Is Snowy Or Snowy Bars Roll On Screen The Coax Cable Is Picking Up E.M. Or R.F. Interference. This Problem Is Very Prevalent When Using Cheap Cable. Solution: Re-route Cables Away From Problem Areas And Use Only Good Quality Cable.

  26. What's Wrong With This Picture? Monitor Has "Ghosts" When A Monitor Is Not Properly Terminated The Video Signal Reflects Back On Itself Resulting In Secondary Images Called "Ghosts." Unless You Are Passing The Video Signal On To Another Product The Signal Needs To Be Terminated. This Also Occurs When "T-tapping" Video Signals. Solution: Make Sure "75 Ohm/Hi-z" Switch Is In "75 Ohm" Position Unless Passing Video Signal On To Another Device. Loop Video Signal Through Devices Instead Of 'T-tapping" Coax Cable. Picture Tears Horizontally Or Snowy Bars Roll The System Is Suffering From A Ground Loop(s). A Ground Loop Is Caused When The Camera And Monitor Are Powered From Different Sources With Different Ground Potentials. If A Path For Current Flow (Other Than The Coax) Exists Ground Loops Are Possible. A Difference Of A Few Millivolts Can Cause A Ground Loop. Ground Loops Are Not Predictable And May Appear And Disappear After The System Has Been Installed. Ground Loops Become More Prevalent When It Rains. Solution: Power All Cameras, Monitors. And Peripherals From The Same Source Or Install Ground Loop Corrector(s).

  27. What's Wrong With This Picture? Great Picture During Day, Out Of Focus At Night The Lens Has A Small Depth Of Field. When A Lens Is Focused During The Daytime With Plenty Of Light Reflecting From Many Directions The Focus Adjustment Is Very Forgiving. At Night, When There Is A Lot Less Light Reflecting From Fewer Directions The Lens Focus Is Less Forgiving. Solution: Set Up Camera Focus Simulating Nighttime Conditions. Cover Front Of Lens With Neutral Density #3 Or Darker Filter Or Cover With #5 Welding Goggles. If Problem Persist, Return To Camera Sight During Night Hours And Adjust Camera Focus. No Picture At The Monitor An Open Or A Short In The Cable Is The Most Common Cause. Breaks In The Center Conductor Are Usually Caused By Excessive Pulling Or Bending Shorts Are Usually Caused By Improper Connector Installation. Solution: Meter Cable For Shorts And Opens With Connectors Installed and Removed From Both Ends Of The Cable. Replace If Required

  28. What's Wrong With This Picture? Picture Appears Dark With Auto Iris Lens On Camera This A Symptom Of A Number Of Possible Problems. Some Things To Check: 1) Is The Connector Wired Properly? 2) Is The Camera Auto Iris Drive Compatible With The Lens Auto Iris Drive? 3) Are The Camera And Lens Formats Compatible? 4) For Video Type Lenses, Was The Level (Main Iris Control) Adjusted? Solution: 1) Double Check Connector Pin Out And Solder Connection 2) Make Sure That The Proper Auto Iris Drive (Video or DC) Is Being Used With The Proper Camera. Some Cameras Will Drive Both Video And DC Lenses, But Have A "Video/DC" Switch On Them Or Alternate Wiring Configurations For Different Lenses. 3) Make Sure The Lens Format Is Equal To Or Larger Than The Camera Format. 4) Adjusting The "Level" Adjustment On A Video Type Auto Iris Lens Towards "High" Will Open The Iris, Towards "Low“ will Close It

  29. Special Application Lenses Varifocal Lens With Manually Variable Focal Length, Adjustable With A Short Range. (Typically 3.5 To 8mm, 6 To 12mm) Zoom Lens Lens With Adjustable Focal Length, Manual Or Motorized (Remote Control) Wider Range Than Varifocal Lens (Example: 6-36mm. 6-60mm, 8-48mm, 8-80mm) Pinhole Lens Lens With Very Small Opening On Front To Allow Viewing Through Small Hole (1/8" Or Less). Allows Camera And Lens To Be Concealed. Aspherical Lens Specially Manufactured Lens That Has An Very Low F-stop. (Typically F/1.0 Or Less)

  30. Video Multiplexing What Is Video Multiplexing? Video Multiplexing Is The Ability To Record and / or Display Multiple Cameras At The Same Time. Tri-Plexing – The Ability to Record, Display & Playback Simultaneously The Roots Of Video Multiplexing: Sequential Switcher Accepts Multiple Video Inputs And Sequences Them On Single Video Output. Cameras Switcher Monitor Advantage: Full Frame (1 Camera At A Time) Recording Of All Cameras. Disadvantage: Loss Of Viewing/Recording Of A Camera While Viewing/Recording Other Cameras On The Switcher.

  31. Video Multiplexing Quad Accepts 4 Video Inputs. Digitally Compresses Each Signal, And Combines Them Into A Single Signal For Simultaneous Display. Cameras Advantages:View/Record All Cameras All The Time.   Ability To "Zoom" Any Camera Full Screen On Playback. **(Some Models)** Disadvantages: Resolution (Picture Quality) Is Lost Due To Digitization Process. (Up To 75%, Affecting Viewing And Recording) Zoom On Playback Is Strictly Playing Single Picture Full Screen. (Enlarging Digitally Compressed Picture, No Resolution Regained) • 2 • 3 4 Quad

  32. DVR

  33. DVR • The DVR SYSTEMS, Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is a high-quality digital recorder that is made to improve efficient crime prevention, disaster measures and security management. • The DVR makes it possible to record continuously without TAPE, instant capture, multiplexed recording with high resolution and searching. • The DVR also supports Matrix Switcher using LAN that is essential for large scale projects. • The DVR offers to transmit the video images to main system and remote control through WAN, PSTM, ISDN AND TCP/IP.

  34. Physical description Front Panel View (16 channel DVR) Rear Panel View (16 channel DVR; Looping version with 2 Audio input)

  35. Physical Description • Max 16 video in • Max 16 audio in (Audio model) • Max 16 looping video out and 2 audio in (Looping model) • 1 video out (BNC) • 1 VGA video out • 1audio out (speakers) • 1line in (for voice talk) • 1 10/100M Ethernet • 4 IDE, support max 8 hard disks • MAX 16 alarm in / 4 relay out • 2 RS-485 for keyboard, 1 RS-485 for PTZ control • 1 RS-232 • 1 USB (CD-RW, Hard drive, USB Disk)

  36. Features • Operating System: • Embedded real-time multitask operating system (RTOS) VxWorks, burned on a flash memory which make the system more stable, faster and reliable with no reboot time. • Compression functions: • 30 fps/NTSC or 25 fps/PAL per each channel • Each channel can be compressed independently (fps, the variable bit rate or the CIF resolution up to 4 CIF). • Audio baud rate is 16 kbps (voice quality) • The mixed Audio and video generate the complex but efficent H.264 stream.

  37. Features Notes: For V3010/16, any Channel can be set as 4CIF resolution, with the Limitations of 10CIF for every 4 channel. Each CPU and process MAX 10 CIF in total.If using 4CIF resolution, please set the bit rate as 1.5Mbps or above in order to get excellent images. • Storage Features: • Can install 8 HDD and each HDD supports 500Gbytes so in total 4 TB. • Support FAT32 file system. • Support network access storage (NAS). • Support USB flash disk, USB hard disk, USB CDRW for backup. • Support hard disk sleep mode.

  38. Features • Alarms: • The Alarm Can Trigger Recording. • Supports 6 Recording Modes: • Schedule Mode, Alarm Mode, Motion Detection, • Motion Detection & Alarm, Motion Detection |Alarm And Manual. • Support Set-up Of Alarm Related With PTZ Preset. • It Can Transfer The Alarm To A Relay Out. Note: PAL: 4CIF(704*576),DCIF(528*384), 2CIF(704*288),CIF(352*288),QCIF(176*144). NTSC: 4CIF(704*480),DCIF(528*320), 2CIF(704*240),CIF(352*240),QCIF(176*120).

  39. Features Network Functions • Full control over the DVR from the remote client software (PTZ, running state, DVR parameters, RS232, RS485 ) • Streams can be recorded in a remote host PC. • Files in DVR can be downloaded to or remotely played in a remote host PC. • Support remote upgrading via the network. • Support voice talk between host in surveillance area (back end) and Net DVR (front end) • Support TCP/IP

  40. Features • Others: • Support many Industry PTZ protocol. • Support multi-zone motion detection. • Support position configurable OSD. • Support watermark technology. • Support Privacy masking. • Search function by (trigger, time, channel number) • Support local file Playback and time playback, support play fast, play slow, pause, play frame one by one, etc. • Support RS-485 interface keyboard. • Multi-level user priority.

  41. Application

  42. Digital Video Recording Incorporates Multiplexing The Best Of Both Worlds Video Multiplexing is built into the DVR and Combines The Best Features Of: The Switcher (Full Frame. Full Resolution Recording) The Quad (Multi-screen Display) Multiplex Recording DVR’s allow the ability to Record, Playback and View Simultaneously Monitor Video In Cameras (up to 16) In DVR Video Out

  43. Multiplex Display When A Camera image is Recorded , Its Camera Number Is Logged With The Frame Of Video. This Allows Individual Cameras (Or Multiple Cameras) To Be Recalled From The Tape On Playback And Displayed On The Monitor. • Single Quad 16 Way 8+2way

  44. Multiplexer Special Options Activity Detection Senses Changes In Picture From Frame To Frame. Feature Is Typically Selectable By Camera, And Sensitive Areas Are Selectable. Interleaving Inserting "Priority" Camera At Higher Interval in Recording Process To Record More Video From That Camera. Interleaving Is Typically Caused By Activity Detection Alarm Signals or External Alarm Contact Closures. Activity Detection Zones No Alarm Alarm!! 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 Camera #3 Interleaving into recording

  45. Spot Monitor Activated Manually, or Automatically by Activity Detection or Alarm Input. Alarm Input Main Monitor DVR Spot Monitor

  46. Why Color? • True Color Reproduction • True Color Versus Shades Of Gray Red Car Blue Car Green Car Red Car Blue Car Green Car

  47. Why Color? Accurate Subject Identification True Color Versus Shades Of Gray Synthetic Fabrics Reflect More Heat (Infrared) Than Natural Fabrics. On A B&W Camera, Synthetic Fabrics Will Appear Lighter Cotton Shirt (Reflect More Light) Than Natural Fabrics. Cotton Shirt Polyester Shirt

  48. Why Color? Increased Attention Span over B&W Average Person Has Four (4) Time The Attention Span When Watching Color Superior Performance For A Modest Increase In Price Technology Has Narrowed The Pricing Gap Between Color and B&W  "Is There A Drawback To Color?" Color Cameras Require More Light To Give A Color Correct Picture. Be Sure Your Have Sufficient Scene Light (Especially Outdoors!)

  49. Audio Surveillance Why Audio Surveillance? Additional Documentation of an Event (Audio + Video) Where Do I Put The Microphone? As Close A Possible To The Action. The Microphone Is Typically Omni Directional. It Should Be Mounted as Close as Possible To The Action, and as Far Away From Other Noise Sources As Possible. The Recording of Audio is Not Permitted in Many States Due to the Right to Privacy Laws. Please Consult Counsel for Each Audio Application 18/2 Shielded Cable Microphone Amplifier / Speaker DVR 15’ Range Cooler With Compressor Running

  50. Text Inserters or Point of Sale (POS) Text Inserters Take Information Keyed Into A Cash Register or Computer and Overlay Onto Video From A Camera Viewing The Area Of The Transaction. Why Use A Text Inserter? To Document A Transactions Video (Items Being Sold And Who They Are Sold To) With The Text Information From The Transaction. Common Theft Practices Catchable By A Text Inserter Sweetheart Selling Ringing Up Expensive Items At A Lower Price No Sales "No Sale" Key Is Punched During Transaction. Clerk Pockets Cash Because The Transaction Does Not Show Up On The Register Electronic Cash Register Gas 10.00 Soda 0.80 Beer 3.50 Chips 0.99 Tax 0.59 Information Being Entered on Register Coax (from Camera) Text Transfer

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