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The Nitrogen Cycle

Component. Input to soil. Loss from soil. Atmospheric nitrogen. The Nitrogen Cycle. Industrial fixation (commercial fertilizers). Atmospheric fixation and deposition. Crop harvest. Animal manures and biosolids. Volatilization. Plant residues. Runoff and erosion. Biological

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The Nitrogen Cycle

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  1. Component Input to soil Loss from soil Atmospheric nitrogen The Nitrogen Cycle Industrial fixation (commercial fertilizers) Atmospheric fixation and deposition Crop harvest Animal manures and biosolids Volatilization Plant residues Runoff and erosion Biological fixation by legume plants Plant uptake Denitrification Organic nitrogen Nitrate (NO3) Ammonium (NH4) - Immobilization + Leaching Mineralization

  2. Component Input to soil Loss from soil Atmospheric deposition Crop harvest The Phosphorus Cycle Animal manures and biosolids Mineral fertilizers Plant residues Runoff and erosion Primary minerals (apatite) • Organic phosphorus • Microbial • Plant residue • Humus Mineral surfaces (clays, Fe and Al oxides, carbonates) Plant uptake Weathering Adsorption Immobilization Mineralization Desorption • Soil solution • phosphorus • HPO4-2 • H2PO4-1 Secondary compounds (CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP) Dissolution Leaching (usually minor) Precipitation

  3. Component Input to soil Loss from soil The Potassium Cycle Animal manures and biosolids Crop harvest Plant residues Mineral fertilizers Runoff and erosion Exchangeable potassium Plant uptake Soil solution potassium (K+) Fixed potassium Mineral potassium Leaching

  4. Component Input to soil Loss from soil Atmospheric sulfur The Sulfur Cycle Volatilization Atmospheric deposition Crop harvest SO2 gas Mineral fertilizers Plant residues Animal manures and biosolids Elemental sulfur Runoff and erosion Absorbed or mineral sulfur Plant uptake Oxidation Organic sulfur Reduced sulfur Bacterial oxidation Immobilization Sulfate Sulfur (SO4) Bacterial reduction Mineralization - Leaching

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