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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS. CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 1. Chemical Thermodynamics. ∆ E = q + w ∆ G = ∆ H – T ∆ S ∆ G °= – RT ln K. Heat Work Enthalpy Entropy Free energy. 2. Chemical Equilibrium. Acid-Base Equilibria K a K b

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INTRODUCTION

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  1. INTRODUCTION CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS

  2. CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES 1. Chemical Thermodynamics • ∆E = q + w • ∆G = ∆H – T∆S • ∆G°= –RTlnK Heat Work Enthalpy Entropy Free energy

  3. 2. Chemical Equilibrium • Acid-Base EquilibriaKa Kb • Precipitation-dissolution EquilibriaSKsp • Oxidation-Reduction Equilibria∆G° = –nFE° = –RTlnKE = E°– (RT/nF)lnQ • Coordination-dissociation EquilibriaK β

  4. 3. Chemical Kinetics • The rate law • k = Ae–Ea/RT • Catalysis

  5. 4. The Electronic Structure of Atoms • Atomic Orbitals • n l m ms • s pd f • Angular distribution and radial distribution • Energy level

  6. 4. The Electronic Structure of Atoms • The Periodic Table • Electron Configuration • Effective nuclear Charge • Periodic Trends in the Properties of the Elements • Effective nuclear charge • Atomic radius

  7. 4. The Electronic Structure of Atoms • The Periodic Table • Periodic Trends in the Properties of the Elements (continue) • Ionic radius • Physical properties • Ionization energy • Electron affinity • Electronegativities

  8. 5. Structure and Bonding In Molecules • Bond • Lewis structure • Valence Bond Theory • σ-bond π-bond • Hybridization: sp sp2 sp3sp3d2 sp3dd2sp3 dsp2 sd3dsp3 • VSEPR

  9. 5. Structure and Bonding In Molecules • Molecular Orbital Theory • Three basic points for forming a bond: • Appropriate Symmetry • Similar Energy • The most overlapping • MO energy-level diagram • Electron configuration

  10. 5. Structure and Bonding In Molecules • Bond parameter • Bond order • Bond length • Bond angle • Dipole moment • Polar molecule • Nonpolar molecule

  11. 6. Structure of Solids • Ionic Bond and Ionic Crystal lattice energy, Ionic radii • Metal Bond and Metal Crystal Closest packing • Covalent crystal • Molecular Crystal Intermolecular Forces hydrogen bond

  12. CHEMISTRY of ELEMENTS • Occurrence • Preparation • Experimental lab • Industrial • Physical properties • State • melting and boiling point • I E

  13. CHEMISTRY of ELEMENTS • Chemical properties • Electron structure Oxidation states • Element reactivity with: N2 O2CO2 H2O X2 M • Important compounds: • Oxides • Halides • Hydrides • Complexes

  14. CHEMISTRY of ELEMENTS • Chemical properties • Important compounds (continue): • Important for industry • Characteristic • Important for theory • Special Topics

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