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Settlement and Consolidation

CHAPTER 4. Settlement and Consolidation. §4 Settlement and Consolidation. § 4.1 General § 4.2 Oedometer test § 4.3 Preconsolidation pressure § 4.4 Consolidation settlement § 4.5 Terzaghi’s theory § 4.6 Degree of consolidation. §4 Settlement and Consolidation. § 4.1 General.

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Settlement and Consolidation

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  1. CHAPTER 4 Settlement and Consolidation

  2. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.1 General §4.2 Oedometer test §4.3 Preconsolidation pressure §4.4 Consolidation settlement § 4.5 Terzaghi’s theory § 4.6 Degree of consolidation

  3. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.1 General • compressibility • –volume changes in a soil when subjected to pressure –giving AMOUNTS of settlement • consolidation • -rate of volume change with time –giving TIME to produce an amount of settlement required

  4. P P3 P2 t e s s3 e2 s2 e3 t §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.2Oedometer test P1 e0 e1 s1

  5. curve curve curve

  6. e p Compression coefficient a e0 M1 e1 △e M2 e2 △p p1 p2 curve e-p Evaluation of compression with a1-2 • a1-2＜0.1MPa-1, Low compressibility • 0.1MPa-1≤a1-2＜0.5MPa-1, Middle compressibility • a1-2≥0.5MPa-1, High compressibility

  7. compression index Cc e - lgσ′Curve

  8. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.3Preconsolidation pressure Preconsolidation pressure-the maximum effective vertical stress that has acted on the clay in the past OCR=1： lack consolidation OCR>1： normal consolidation OCR<1： over consolidation How to obtain the preconsolidation pressure: 1 Produce back the straight-line part (BC) . 2 Determine the point (D) of maximum curvature on the recompression part (AB) of the curve. 3 Draw the tangent to the curve at D and bisect the angle between the tangent and the horizontal through D. 4 The vertical through intersection point of the bisector and CB produced gives the approximate value of the preconsolidation pressure.

  9. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.4Consolidation settlement • coefficient of volume compressibility or the compression index • Consider a layer of saturated clay of thickness H. • an elemental layer of thickness dz at depth z.

  10. d 1 2 1 2 zi-1 σc 5 6 zi ai-1p0 σz depth 3 4 aip0 • Curve of gravity stress and additional stress at the central of base • Determine the calculation depth • Determine the layer • The settlement of each layer • The whole settlement Ai-1 Ai

  11. Example 1

  12. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.5Terzaghis theory of one-dimensional consolidation • The assumptions made in the theory are: • 1 The soil is homogeneous and fully saturated. • 2 There is a unique relationship, independent of time, between void ratio and effective stress. • 3 The solid particles and water are incompressible. • 4 Compression and flow are one-dimensional (vertical). • 5 Strains are small. • 6 Darcy’s law is valid at all hydraulic gradients. • 7 The coefficient of permeability and volume compressibility remain constant.

  13. The total stress increment soil skeleton increasing effective stress the excess pore water pressure decreases

  14. §4 Settlement and Consolidation §4.6 Degree of consolidation • the consolidation settlement at time t being given • by the product of U and • the final settlement.

  15. Determine the degree of consolidation Curve 1 degree of consolidation Curve 2 Curve 3 permeable P impermeable Time factor

  16. p 235kPa H clay 157kPa impermeable Example 2 • H=10m ; e1=0.8;a=0.00025kPa-1; k=0.02m/year • ？ ① settlement after one year St ② time(t) when Uz=0.75 ③ if the bottom layer is permeable，time(t) when Uz=0.75 permeable

  17. Solution • 1. When t=1 year From figureUt=0.45 FromUz=0.75，a＝1.5 then Tv＝0.47 • 2. If Uz=0.75 • 3. If open layer, Uz=0.75 FromUz=0.75,a＝1,H=5mthenTv＝0.49

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