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Understanding Solutions: Vocabulary, Solubility, and Colligative Properties

This text provides an overview of solutions, including vocabulary terms such as saturated solution, unsaturated solution, and supersaturated solution. It also explains solubility, molarity, and colligative properties, along with tips on how to increase solubility. The text also includes examples and calculations related to concentration and colligative properties.

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Understanding Solutions: Vocabulary, Solubility, and Colligative Properties

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  1. Solutions Vocabulary • Saturated solution • Solubility • Unsaturated solution • Miscible • Immiscible • Supersaturated solution • Concentration • Diluted solution • Molarity • Colligative property • Freezing-point depression • Concentrated solution • Boiling-point elevation • Molality • Molar freezing-point depression constant (Kf) • Molar boiling-point elevation constant (Kb)

  2. Homogeneous Mixture (Solution) • Same throughout • Small particles • Dissolved • Can be solid, liquid, or gas

  3. Parts of a Solution Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - present in greater amount

  4. What are some examples of homogeneous mixtures?

  5. Unsaturated vs. Saturated

  6. Supersaturated Solutions • Contains moresolute than a saturated solution

  7. How to Increase Solubility: • Add more solvent • Heat • Stir • Broken solute into smaller particles

  8. To Do: • Solutions Vocabulary • Solubility Chart assignment

  9. Concentration of Solute: Molarity

  10. moles solute ( M ) = Molarity liters of solution The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration. *to convert mass to moles: mass x 1 mol 1 molar mass Reasoning: Many solutions are made up of the same substances, but in varying concentrations.

  11. Molarity Lab Lemonade Anyone?

  12. Qualitative Data

  13. Quantitative Data M = mol mix a Liters of solution *to convert mass to moles: mass x 1 mol 1 molar mass Sucrose—C12H22O11 Citric Acid—C6H8O7 Assume the mix is half sucrose and half citric acid

  14. A 4.0 g sugar cube (sucrose: C12H22O11) is dissolved in a 350 ml teacup filled with hot water. What is the molarity of the sugar solution? • Step 1: Make all of the needed conversions. • Convert grams to moles. • Convert mL to L. • Step 2: Calculate Molarity

  15. Electrolyte Simulation Lab • http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/sugar-and-salt-solutions

  16. PHET Lab • How much salt (in grams) is in the salt shaker? • How much sugar (in grams) is in the sugar shaker? • Why does the light bulb light up in the _________ solution but not the _________ solution? • What is an electrolyte?

  17. Colligative Properties Properties that change as concentration of a solution changes • Density, color, taste • Vapor pressure • Boiling point • Freezing point http://www.gpb.org/chemistry-physics/chemistry/1003

  18. Density & Color

  19. Taste

  20. Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes The magnitude of the colligative property is directly proportional to the number of solute molecules or ions present. More of an effect on the colligative properties.

  21. Vapor Pressure Depression3,5

  22. Boiling Point Elevation4,7 • Because vapor pressure is lowered, a higher temperature is required to push the molecules from liquid to gas state.

  23. Freezing Point Depression6,8

  24. Work Session • Colligative Properties Concept Review

  25. Solutions Test • Vocabulary • Solubility Curve • Colligative Properties • Molarity Calculations

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