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OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17-18

OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17-18 At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate the damage caused by forest insects.

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OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17-18

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  1. OBJECTIVES OF FOREST ENTOMOLOGY Chapters 17-18 At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Appreciate the damage caused by forest insects. 2) Understand the multifaceted role of forest entomology and some of the factors involved in protection of forests and urban trees and the role of insects in the ecosystem. 3) Describe the development of forest entomology in Europe and North America. 4) Describe the contributions of the pioneers of forest entomology. 5) Identify the major trends of the profession. 6) Know some of the major sources of information on forest insects. 7) Discuss the scientific contributions and current research of the U.S. Forest Service. 8) Outline the current role of forest entomology in private and public

  2. Definition of Forest Entomology

  3. Influence of Germans J. C. Schaffer - Early studies of Gypsy Moth J.T.C. Ratzeburg – Father of Forest Entomology

  4. J.T.C. Ratzeburg The study of forest insects which have an influence on the health and the utility of those wood plants with which the forester is concerned. 1830-1850: “Die Foresteinsketen”

  5. Forest Entomology in U.S. and Canada A. D. Hopkins - Considered Father of U.S. Forest Entomology: Bark Beetle Specialist

  6. F.C. Craighead (left) and J.A. Beal - 1926

  7. Why Insects are Important in the Forests Their activities result in damage In 1950, Craighead estimated annual losses to be: Bark beetles -----------------------$20 million Defoliators -------------------------$20 million Forest Product pests --------------$60 million Shade and ornamental pests ----$100 million

  8. F.P. Keen

  9. W. G. Wellington

  10. Historical Aspects Development of forest entomology

  11. Forest Entomology 1. Taxonomic/natural history phase 2. Divergent phase “Divergent” theories of population changes Density Independent factors Density Dependent factors 3. Ecosystem analysis phase Interrelationships of all environmental factors – Ecological webs, food chains, weather, etc 4. Predictive Modeling Phase Models developed from divergent and ecosystem phases.

  12. Economic Impact of Forest Insects • Mortality – reduce growing stock • Delay stocking levels – Reproduction • Seeds, cones, seedlings • Reduce radial/axial growth • Defoliation of leaves/killing of buds • Deterioration • Loss of product value

  13. Insects Cause Damage: To trees Southern Pine Beetle Spot

  14. Insects Cause Damage: To Seeds and Cones Southern Pine Coneworm

  15. Damage of Southern Pine Coneworm

  16. Insects Cause Damage: To seedlings White Grub Adult White Grub Larva

  17. Pales Weevil and Damage on Pine Seedling

  18. Insects Cause Damage: To Wood Products Termites Damage Wooden Structures

  19. Carpenter Ant & Damage

  20. Insects also Spread Disease Southern Pine Beetle and Blue Stain Fungus

  21. Dutch Elm Disease – vectored by Bark Beetles

  22. Oak wilt causes tree mortality spread by Picnic Beetles

  23. Insects are Important in the Forest Beneficial: As plant pollinators in the forest As natural enemies of pest insects

  24. Hover Flies Pollinate Many Flowers

  25. Preying Mantid feeding on a katydid

  26. Larva of Lady beetle feeding on aphids

  27. Insects also provide fodder for Gary Larson and his cartoon humor

  28. Important Insect Groups in the Forest Lepidoptera : The butterflies & Moths

  29. Eastern tent caterpillar & tent

  30. Eastern Tent Caterpillar Larva

  31. Coleoptera: The Beetles

  32. Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis Family Cerambycidae

  33. Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants & Sawflies

  34. Carpenter Bee Yellow Jacket Wasp Carpenter Ant Pine Sawfly Ovipositing

  35. Homoptera-Hemiptera: Aphids, Adelgids, leafhoppers, & true bugs.

  36. True bugs Leafhoppers Aphids

  37. Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, Katydids, & Walking Sticks

  38. Katydid Grasshopper Walking Stick

  39. Diptera: Flies and Mosquitoes Diptera: Cone gall midge and damage

  40. Isoptera: Termites Termite Reproductives swarming

  41. Termite soldier and workers

  42. Insects Cause Damage Many Ways: Feeding Nest Building Oviposition

  43. Tree Mortality caused by feeding of Adelgids

  44. Nest building damage by carpenter ants

  45. Oviposition damage caused by 13-Year Cicada

  46. Twig Mortality caused by 13-Year Cicada

  47. Approaches to Insect Control Natural Control Factors Weather Natural Enemies Cultural Control Resistance Stand Management Chemical Control Mechanical Control

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