The Rise of Russia and Russia ’ s Interaction with the West

1. The Rise of Russia and Russia’s Interaction with the West

2. I. Introduction • Between 1450 and 1750 Russia… • Land based empire • Foundation derived from • Began Selective Westernization – WHAT??? • Emulated some Western traits • Remained outside of global trade system dominated by ???

3. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • Need for Revival • Ivan III freed much of Russia from ??? • Done by 1462 • Even under Mongol rule, local administration ??? • Local Princes • Period of Mongol domination diminished ??? • Literacy and Economic Growth • Russia remained mostly ???

4. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • Ivan III reestablished ??? • Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) • Killed Boyars (WHO are they???)

5. Partner Discussion Question • Why would Ivan IV (the Terrible) kill many of the boyars (Russian nobles)? Explain.

7. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • Patterns of Expansion • WHERE ??? • Newly conquered lands were settled by ??? • Cossacks – farmers / warriors • Encouraged settlement of East

9. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • Tsars rewarded loyal followers with ???

10. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • Western Contact and Romanov Policy • Pursued cultural ties with West • Ivan IV died without ??? • Russia suffered a period of instability • Time of Troubles (1598 – 1613)

11. Group Discussion Question • Which family did the boyars choose to rule to end the Time of Troubles? Why would boyars who were fighting for control willingly give up power to this family?

12. II. Russia’s Expansionist Policies Under the Tsars • What did the Romanov’s do??? • Restored order • Resumed policy of expansion • Alexis Romanov • Tsarist autocracy WHAT IS THIS??? • Abolishes assemblies of boyars • Takes control of Orthodox Church

13. III. Russia’s First Westernization (1690-1790) • Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great • By end of 1600s Russia remained ??? • Peter I (the Great) concentrated on: • Copying (emulation) of West WHY???

14. Quick Partner Response Question • Where or how do you think Peter the Great learned about Western Europe? Explain.

15. Traveling through Europe

16. And…

17. Retained autocratic governmental structure but recruited ??? • Bureaucrats from outside of aristocracy • Granted Titles • Improved Military HOW??? • Created secret police WHY??? • Defeated Sweden WHY SO IMPORTANT • Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg • Gave Russians warm water port (Baltic Sea)

18. III. Russia’s First Westernization (1690-1790) • What Westernization Meant for Russia • Military and Government more efficient • Economic reforms • Cut off elites from traditional beliefs • Forced nobles to cut beards and wear Western style of clothing

20. Notice the changes in clothing from the traditional clothing to more Western styles

21. III. Russia’s First Westernization (1690-1790) • Opened schools emphasizing science and math • Western Intellectual Developments KEY IDEA: Changes did NOT extend to peasants or commoners • New manufacturing sectors and old agricultural farms continued to use FORCED LABOR • Remained heavily FEUDAL • Goal of economic development was to strengthen military – NOT become part of global trade networks

22. III. Russia’s First Westernization (1690-1790) • Consolidation Under Catherine the Great • Catherine seized power from her husband, Tsar Peter III HOW??? • He was disliked, inept, and some believe mildly mentally retarded • Hated by the Russian people WHY??? • Continued policy of autocratic centralization

23. III. Russia’s First Westernization (1690-1790) • Attempted some Enlightenment Reforms • Friends with Enlightenment thinkers Diderot, Voltaire, and Montesquieu • Still favored centralization and strengthened the power of the nobility over the peasants • Members of bureaucracy and military still came from ??? • Landlords

24. Group Discussion Question • What event turned Catherine against Western ideas??? (Hint: We have not yet discussed it, but it is VERY famous!!!)

25. IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History • Serfdom: The Life of Eastern Europe’s Masses • Unlike West, Russian economy relied on forced labor • During 17th and 18th centuries Russia saw an intensification of serfdom • Russian nobles gained ownership of allland • Serfdom expanded to all conqueredareas

26. IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History • By 1857 – of 60.1 million people 49.5 million were serfs (82%) • 50% of peasants were enserfed to nobility (agriculture) • 50% of peasants were enserfed to state (industries) • 1649 Act made serfdom hereditary • Coerced labor supported dependent agricultural economy of Russia WHY WAS THIS NECESSARY???

27. IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History • Trade and Economic Dependence • Little social stratification in Russia WHAT??? • Nobility and Serfs – very few other classes PROBLEMS???? • State took control of ??? • International trade controlled by ??? • Trade run mostly out of St. Petersburg

29. IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History • Economy strong enough to support: • Military conquest • Nobility • Population growth • BUT – Agricultural and industrial production… • Social Unrest • Conditions created dissatisifaction and criticism of government • Peasants ??? • Frequent Uprisings

30. IV. Themes in Early Modern Russian History • Total dependence on serfdom as source of labor LED TO… • Inflexible economy that ???