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Unit 3: Biological Psychology

Unit 3: Biological Psychology. Essential Task 3-5a .Describe the subdivisions and functions of the Central Nervous System A. Brain i . Brain Stem Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamus ii. Limbic System Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampus

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Unit 3: Biological Psychology

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  1. CHS AP Psychology Unit 3: Biological Psychology Essential Task 3-5a.Describe the subdivisions and functions of the Central Nervous System A. Brain i. Brain Stem Medulla, Pons, Reticular Formation, Cerebellum, and the Thalamus ii. Limbic System Hypothalamus, Amygdala, and the Hippocampus iii. Cerebral Cortex (Left and Right Hemispheres and the corpus callosum) Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, and the Frontal Lobe Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex Wernicke's Area and Broca's Area B. Spinal Cord

  2. The Brain Stem (Automatic Functions) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5f56Ynb01E

  3. TheBrain Stemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions. Older Brain Structures Brain Stem

  4. The Medullais the base of the brain stem. It controls autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord: respiration blood pressure heart rate reflex arcs vomiting Brain Stem

  5. Pons and inside that the Reticular Formation isa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. It is involved in motor control and sensory analysis. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. The Reticular Formation controls: Attention Cardiac Reflexes Motor Functions Regulates Awareness Relays Nerve Signals to the Cerebral Cortex Sleep Brain Stem

  6. The Thalamusis the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. Brain Stem

  7. Cerebellum The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

  8. Limbic System (Emotion Center)

  9. The Limbic System The Limbic System isa doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

  10. The Amygdala consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger. Amygdala

  11. The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus

  12. Limbic System contains a Reward Center Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture). Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

  13. Done for today! 

  14. Cerebral Cortex

  15. The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. The Cerebral Cortex

  16. Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are: frontal lobe (forehead) parietal lobe (top to rear head) occipital lobe (back head) temporal lobe (side of head). Structure of the Cortex

  17. TheMotor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs. Functions of the Cortex

  18. The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces. Visual Function Located in the occipital lobe

  19. The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate. Auditory Function Located in the temporal lobe

  20. Association Areas More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex.

  21. Language Aphasiais an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding). Think: “Boca”, Spanish for mouth, that lets you talk Think: Where? I can’t understand you!

  22. Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

  23. Done for Today! 

  24. Fun with your Hemispheres Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other direction. Now, rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the foot on the same side in the other direction.

  25. Corpus Callosum Fibers that connect the two hemispheres Allow close communication between left and right hemisphere Each hemisphere appears to specialize in certain functions HemisphericSpecialization

  26. Hemispheric Specialization People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities. A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a perceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task. So which of your hemispheres is the most dominant? Let’s find out!

  27. Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU

  28. With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot. Split Brain Patients

  29. Divided Consciousness

  30. What happens if you remove half of the brain? • Let’s find out!

  31. Dual Processing • Simultaneously processing on dual tracks of consciousness and unconsciousness • Driving on “auto-pilot” when you’re concentrating on something else as you drive is a good example • Selective Attention • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOLxQGLJouI • The Cocktail Party Effect

  32. Inattentional Blindness • Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris (1999) • Participants told to count how many times the black jersey team passes the ball (unlike what we told you to do). • 50+% of the participants completely missed the gorilla

  33. Change Blindness • We are blind to changes in our environment. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrrVozZR2c

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