World Trade Routes

3. World Trade Routes Europe Silk Road Persian Gulf Mediterranean Red Sea Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean I, II, III

5. Southernization by Linda Schaefer Journal of World Historyby Lynda Shaffer Journal of World History 1994 • “a rich south and a poor north” • The process of spreading “southern” ideas, technologies, cash crops and mathematics to the “north” • Prosperity is linked to warmer temps for the growing of cotton • Southernization laid the foundation for westernization

6. From China: • paper technology • iron • varieties of Buddhism • Confucianism • gunpowder, compass From China: • paper technology • iron • varieties of Buddhism • Confucianism • gunpowder, compass From India: Buddhism Pepper Sugar Cotton “Arabic numerals” “zero” Lentils From Southeast Asia: • Nutmeg • Mace • Cloves • Champa rice • Navigational techniques • lateen sail From East to West, often the Twain Shall Meet

9. Revitalized Silk Road • Expanded military presence to the west • Introduction of “Flying Money” (credit), deposit shops (banks), paper money, and guilds • Construction of Grand Canal • Industrial revolution Paper money – Song China

10. The Silk Road

11. Establishment of Trans-Saharan trade route (gold-salt) • Spread of Islam into sub-Saharan Africa • Rise of Timbuktu and Jenne as trade cities • Use of Niger River Salt slabs to be traded for gold

13. Early medieval period • Most trade local • Lack of coins • Political instability – invasions by Vikings, Muslims, Magyars Market in medieval Paris

14. Middle Ages • Agricultural advances = population growth = rise of towns = rise of trade and merchant / artisan classes • Regional fairs Medieval European Farmers

15. Development of Guilds • Development of capital and banks • Rise of Flanders European Guilds

16. Rise of Hanseatic League • Trade union of Northern European city-states (over 100 cities joined) • Fight off pirates, other states, create trade monopoly • Resulted in large middle-class • Set precedent for large trade operations later used by Dutch and English

17. European Trade

18. Hanseatic League

19. Location astride major trade routes • State regulated silk trade (silkworms stolen from China) • Trade concessions to foreigners • Trade competition with Venice and other Italian city-states Constantinople

20. Aztecs • Long-distance trade under special group • Tribute redistribution inhibited development of true markets • Incas • Little to no long-distance trade • Tribute and self-sufficiency inhibited development of markets

21. Included Swahili coast (East Africa), Red Sea, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and East Asia (China) • Dependence on monsoon winds • Spice trade • Use of “circuits” or “zones” – rules of transport • Role of Arabs (Islam) and Portuguese

24. Byzantines – location, location, location • Dominance of Italian city-states (Venice and Genoa) • Muslims • Impact of crusades • Black Sea / Russia - Vikings

26. History of Essays on this Unit: Trade 600-1450 COT 2016 Afro Eurasian trade Comp 2015 Biological, commercial or cultural exchanges (Indian, Silk, Sahara) COT 2014 Trade Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia COT 2013 Mediterranean 200-1000 C.E COT 2012 Trading networks between Africa and Eurasia circa 300 C.E-1450 C.E COT 2009 Silk Roads COT 2008 Indian Ocean 650 C.E- 1750 C.E

29. The Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean 600-1450 both interconnected Africa through a vast array of Muslim networks guided by Sharia Law, both would see the rise of strong dominant technologies like the dhow and the caravanserai, however, Empires like Mali would rise as the clear power in Sub-Sahara while the diversity of city states (Swahili) and other Muslim merchant diasporic communities would be far more diverse amongst the circuitous routes