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Archaeological Records

Usage of Salt for Pharmacotherapy , Halotherapy and Speleotherapy during Antiquity . R.A. Nilden Ergün. Archaeological Records. Anthropological data ( cultural approaches , bone and teeth analysis , and other analysis ), Archaeozoology and archaeobotany ,

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Archaeological Records

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  1. Usageof Salt forPharmacotherapy, HalotherapyandSpeleotherapyduringAntiquity. R.A. NildenErgün

  2. ArchaeologicalRecords • Anthropologicaldata (culturalapproaches, bone andteethanalysis, andotheranalysis), • Archaeozoologyandarchaeobotany, • Literaturesources (ancientbooks, papyrus, mythological and epic texts and holy books, travelers’ traveloguesandevenidioms), • Epigraphicsources like inscriptions, • Allotherarchaeologicalfinds.

  3. Mapsby R.A. Nilden ERGÜN.

  4. First Hominidsnearsaline Lake Olduvai in Tanzania, 2.1 billion-15.000 B.C. Ashley, G.M. et al. Sedimentary geology and human origins: a fresh look at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzanİa, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2010, v. 80, 705.

  5. Saltcellarfrom Çatalhöyük, Çumra-Konya, Türkiye. 7000 B.C. Haddow, Scott et al. Çatalhöyük 2016 Arşiv Raporu Çatalhöyük Araştırma Projesi Kazı Ekibi, 2017, 107. (Photosby R.A. Nilden ERGÜN).

  6. Lake of Yuncheng, salt productionfrom 6000 B.C. Kurlansky, M.. Tuz.İnsanlığın Tuzlu Tarihi, Aykırı Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003, 22. Thebook of Laozi, Yan TieLun, M.Ö. 81 Kurlansky, M.. Tuz.İnsanlığın Tuzlu Tarihi, Aykırı Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003, 35.

  7. Sumerian idiom says: When a poor man dies don’t (try to) revive him! (When) he had bread, he had no salt; (when) he had salt, he had no bread. (Kramer, SamuelNoah. Tarih Sümer’de Başlar. Kabalcı Yayınları, 1999, İstanbul, 152-153). Andalsotherearemany Ur III prescriptiontabletswhichtellsabout salt usage (M. Civil, Prescriptions MédicalesSumériansʼ, RA 54, 1960, 64).

  8. Diorama depicting ancient Egyptians pouring natron (salts) on bodies for mummification. Source: Field Museum Library, 1990/Getty Images.

  9. AnatolianCivilizations-Hittites 1650-1200 B.C.

  10. AnatolianCivilizations-Urartians1200? 860-585 B.C.

  11. AnatolianCivilizations-Phyrigians (1200?) 750-675 B.C.

  12. Salt ProductionCenters in Modern Türkiye

  13. HallstatandHalleinMines in Austria(EarlyIron Age HallstatPeriod 700-450 B.C.)

  14. Homeros ( c.a. 750 B.C.) (Plinius (23-79 A.D.) Salt is divine! Heaven knows, a civilized life is impossible without salt!

  15. Strabon (64 B.C.- 21 A.D.) (J. Nenquin gives a compherensive review of salt sources known to classical writers in his dissertation, Salt: A Study in Economic Prehistory.)

  16. Roman roadsystemsthatsomepartswerebuiltbytheadvices of thesalinators.

  17. IndianEpicRamayanabysageValmiki c.a.500B.C. TimbuktuCaravancity of Salt Trade

  18. HolyBooks • In holy books first we can see salt as a curse in Old Testament about Abimelech’s battle with Shechem. He took the city, killed all its inhabitants and sowed it with salt.(Judges 9:45)This versicles are about a neighboring area with the Dead Sea. • In the Bible, Prophet Jesus said to his apostles that You are the salt of the world (Matta 5;13) and you can find thirty different mentions about salt. • In the Holy Koran, salt is a holy matter that you can swear on it and also Prophet Mohammed (P.B.U.H) advised to his caliph Saint Ali to start and finish his meal with salt and added that salt is a remedy of seventy troubles except death.

  19. Avicenna (İbn-i Sina 980-1037A.D.) - Kaşgarlı Mahmut (1008-1105 A.D.)

  20. Maimonides (1135-1204A.D.) - Marco Polo(1253-1323) - Kubilay Han (1215-1294)

  21. Ruj Gonzales de Clavijo (d.1412A.D.) - Timur (1336-1405A.D.)

  22. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519 A.D.) - LastSupper (1495-1498)

  23. Bernardino Gómez Miedes(1515-1589A.D.) I. De sale physicosivephilosophico (The salt physics or philosophy) II. De sale medico siveempirico, (The salt medical or emprical) III. De loco, tempore et modosalis in mensa; (The time that salt is on the table) IV. De sale genialisiveiocoso; (The salt marriage or jest) V. De sale mysticosivetheologico. (The salt mystic or theologic)

  24. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776 A.D.) - VitalCuinet La TurquieD’Asie (1894 A.D.)

  25. LegendaryWalk of MahatmaGandhi 12th March 1930 for 14 days.

  26. Meaning of salt in several extinct and modern languages • Sumerian: mun • Ancient Egyptian: natron • Ancient Chineese: yan • Hittite: mumiia • Accadian: tabutum • Assyrian: æābtum • Persian: shor (ancient), nemek (modern) • Latin: sal • Ancient Greek: halos • Turkish: tuz (According to the Divan-ıLügatitTürk 1070 A.D.) • Azerbaijani: duz • Polski: sól • Român: sare • Russian: sol • Bulgarian: sol • Mongolian: dabusu (ancient), daws (modern) • Italian: sale • English: salt • French: sel • German: salz • Spanish: sal

  27. Etymology in a word ancient origins of the terms. • Pharmocotherapy: Pharmokon+therapeai • Pharmakon means drugs andtherapeaimeans healing in ancient greek. • Halotherapy: Halos+therapeai • Halos means salt and therapeai means healing in ancient greek. • Speleotherapy: Spelaion+therapeai • Spelaion means cave and therapeaimeans healing in ancient greek.

  28. Prescriptions’ List of Ancient Writers

  29. Hammurabi’s Code (1795-1750B.C.) in theLouvreMuseum, Paris. He wasthe 6th emperor of Babylonia.

  30. George Ebers (1837-1898 A.D.) ThePapyrusEbers (1600 B.C.)

  31. IndianEpicRamayafirsttellsaboutthecuringeffect of salt caves 500 B.C.

  32. HippokratesmentionesaboutHalotherapyscientifically; Hp., Acut., 7 L. XXI, 3; II, XLV. 1–2; Aër., VII, 11 ; Acut., II, 2, XVIII (VII), 1–2 ; II, 2, XLVIIa (XXXVIa), 2–5 ; II, 2, XLVIIb (XXXVIb), 1–2.

  33. Galenos 129-200 A.D.

  34. Dioscorides 40-90 A.D. and De MateriaMedica

  35. DeadSea (Lut Lake)

  36. Tuzluca-Iğdır Salt Mine

  37. SelectedBibliography Ancient Sources • Cassiodorus, “Senator, PraetorianPraefect, totheTribunes of theMaritimePopulation,” TheLetters of Cassiodorus, trans. Thomas Hodgkin (London: Henry Frowde, 1886), 517. • Dioskorides, De MateriaMedica • Galenos, Method of Medicine • Hippocrates, CorpusHippocraticum • PapyrusEbers • Plinius, NaturalisHistoria • Strabon, Geographica Modern Sources • Brothwell, D. R., and P. Brothwell, Food in Antiquity: A Survey of theDiet of Early People. New York: Praeger, 1969. • Cirillo M Capasso, G. DiLeo VA De Santo NG., A history of salt. In: Am J Nephrol 14(4-6), 1994, p.426-31. • Denton D., Thehungerfor salt. An anthropological, physiologicalandmedicalanalysis. Springer, Berlin, 1982. • Hay, R. L., and T. K. Kyser, Chemicalsedimentologyandpaleoenvironmentalhistory of Lake Olduvai, a Pliocene lake in northernTanzania: GeologicalSociety of AmericaBulletin, v. 113, 2001, p.1510-1521. • Kurlansky, Mark, İnsanlığın Tuzlu Tarihi, Aykırı Yayıncılık İstanbul 2003. • North, D., StructureandChange in EconomicHistory. New York, 1981. • Morris, I., “Archaeologies of Greece.” In I. Morris, ed., ClassicalGreece: Ancient Historiesand Modern Archaeologies, 1994, 8-47. • Morris, I., R. Saller, and W. Scheidel, eds. The Cambridge EconomicHistory of theGreco-Roman World. Cambridge. • Parkins, H., and C. Smith, eds., Trade, Traders, andthe Ancient City. London, 1998. • Rathbone, D., EconomicRationalismandRuralSociety in Third-Century A.D. Egypt: TheHeroninos Archive andtheAppianusEstate. Cambridge, 1991. • Whittaker, C. R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A SocialandEconomicStudy. Baltimore, 1993. • Wong, R. B., ChinaTransformed: HistoricalChangeandtheLimits of EuropeanExperience. Ithaca, NY, 1998. • Wormer, EJ., Salz in der Medizin. In: Treml M, Jahn W, Brockhoff E (eds.): SalzMachtGeschichte(Collection of essaysandcatalogue). Haus der BayerischenGeschichte, Augsburg, 1995, p. 48-55.

  38. "Theremust be somethingsacred in salt. It is in ourtearsand in theocean."KhalilGibran THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE… Iğdır University ScienceandLettersFaculty ClassicalArchaeologyDepartment ResearchAssistantNilden ERGÜN.

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