The Structures and Purposes of Music

1. The Structures and Purposes of Music

2. 1.1 Purposes of Music • Ceremonial: ritual, celebration, commemoration. • Recreational: music as a means of diversion to support recreational activities, dances, social gatherings, festivals. • Artistic Expression: To communicate emotion, feeling, ideas or information (narrative).

3. Elements of Music 1. Melody - The main theme or part of a musical composition, the “tune” (something you can sing, hum, play, or whistle). • Pitch is the highness or lowness of sounds.

4. Accidentals • Are used to raise or lower pitch

5. Music Elements 2. Harmony- Accompanying parts or musical lines that are not the melody • By instruments or voice • No instruments, just voice is call- a cappella • Texture-thickness of sound • monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic.

6. Three Textures of Harmony • Monophonic (one sound) music is performed in unison; • Everyone sings or plays the same part or pitches at the same time. Example-Gregorian Chant

7. Homophonic • Same sound • music has multiple or different parts • sung or played at the same time, • Example-hymn or chorale.

8. Polyphonic • Many sounds • music has multiple, independent parts that are • sung or played at the same time or different times. • Examples of rounds (canon) and madrigals

9. 3. Rhythm • Patterns of sounds and silence, pulse (beat). How the sounds and silence divide time. • The bar lines on the staff divide the sections into measures. • Fraction at beginning of staff is called a meter signature or time signature.

10. 1.2 Continuing Elements4.Duration • The duration of musical sound is shown by using different kinds of notes. The duration of silence is notated using rests.

11. Staff • The musical staff is made up of five horizontal lines and four spaces.

12. Treble Clef (G Clef) • Read bottom to top • Bottom notes lower • Top notes higher • Lines • Every • Good • Boy • Does • Fine • Spaces • FACE Used for higher instruments/voices

13. Used for lower instruments/voices Bass Clef (F Clef) • Lines • Good • Burritos • Don’t • Fall • Apart • Spaces • All • Cows • Eat • Grass

14. Grand Staff (both together)

15. You will have to be able to identify, label and know value

16. A little bit of math….

17. 5. Tempo • Speed of the beat or pulse. Whether or not the speed changes and how it changes. • Allegro - Fast • Moderato - Moderate • Adagio - Slow • Largo - Very Slow • Metronome is a mechanical device that ticks or beeps audibly at a steady tempo

18. 6.Dynamics • Dynamics are degrees of loudness or softness (volume) and the intensity of sound. • Forte (strong or loud) • Piano (soft). • Crescendo-increase the volume • Decrescendo-decrease the volume

19. 7. Timbre/Tone Color • The quality of sound as determined by the instruments or voices that are performing the music.

20. 1.3 Music Forms • AB • ABA • Rondo- form has a main theme is repeated but other parts added ABACA or ABACABA • Theme and Variation mostly seen in classical periods as a symphony. • Call and Response- ritual and religious music, and in music used for teaching.

21. Music Forms • Round (Canon) - Simple melody performed by different groups of singers starting at different times. • Example: Row, Row, Row Your Boat. • Verse and Chorus (Verse and Refrain) - Verses with the same melody but different words, ending with a refrain or chorus each time that has the same melody and words.

22. Opera • Combines music and theatre • Involves a story sung on stage with sets, costumes, lights and an orchestra. • Began in the early 1600s in Italy. • Overture– This is the music played by the orchestra before the curtain opens for the first act. • Aria–the song sung by a principal character in the opera. • Recitative- is the sung dialogue between the performers that moves the plot along. • It is like sung speech.