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Particles in Solution

Particles in Solution. Section 3. Particles with a Charge. Ions —charged particles that have either more or fewer electrons than protons An ion has either a negative (-) or positive (+) charge. Particles with a Charge.

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Particles in Solution

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  1. Particles in Solution Section3

  2. Particles with a Charge • Ions—charged particles that have either more or fewer electrons than protons • An ion has either a negative (-) or positive (+) charge

  3. Particles with a Charge • Electrolytes—compounds that produce solutions of ions that conduct electricity in water • Strong electrolytes conduct a strong current (NaCl) • Weak electrolytes produce few ions and conduct current only weakly (acetic acid in vinegar)

  4. Conductivity—a property of metals and alloys that allows them to be good conductors of heat and electricity

  5. Particles with a Charge • Non-electrolytes—substances that form no ions in water and cannot conduct electricity • Ex: organic molecules like ethyl alcohol and sucrose

  6. To form an ionic solution… • Electrolytes are made of neutral atoms. • To form ions, molecules must separate so that the atoms take on a charge • This process of forming ions is called ionization

  7. To Form an Ionic Solution… • Ions already exist in an ionic compound • Ions are attracted into solution by surrounding polar water molecules • This process in which an ionic solid separates into its + and - ions is called dissociation

  8. Dissociation of NaCl • In water, NaCl crystal breaks apart under the influence of the water molecules • Positive areas of water (Hydrogen) are attracted to negative Chlorine ions • Negative areas of water (Oxygen) attract to positive Sodium ions • Water molecules then surround and separate the Na+ and Cl- ions • Ions are freely moving in solution and capable of conducting an electric current

  9. Effects of Solute Particles • Solute particles affect the physical properties of the solvent (freezing and boiling points) • Ex: Adding antifreeze to water in car radiator lowers freezing point of radiator fluid • Effect depends on number of solute particles in solution.

  10. Lowering Freezing Point • As substance freezes, particles arrange in an orderly pattern • Added solute particles interfere with pattern formation • This makes it harder for solvent to freeze • To overcome this interference, lower temp is needed to freeze the solvent

  11. Animal Antifreeze • Some animals that live in cold climates have a natural kind of antifreeze • Caribou—substance in legs prevents freezing in subzero temps; can stand for long periods of time in snow and ice

  12. Animal Antifreeze • Fish have glycoproteins to prevent ice crystals from forming in moist tissues • Insects also have a chemical to protect them from freezing temps

  13. Raising Boiling Point • Antifreeze also raises the boiling point • Solute particles interfere with evaporation of solvent particles • More energy is needed for solvent particles to escape from liquid surface • Boiling point of solution will be higher than of solvent alone

  14. Section 3 Overview • Chapter Review p.690 #1-18 and 24

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