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Class 30 : History of 19 th C

Explore the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, his relations with the Church, and the effects of his reign on France and Europe in the 19th century. Learn about the Congress of Vienna, the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of Italy, and the political landscape of England and Spain during this time.

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Class 30 : History of 19 th C

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  1. Class 30: History of 19th C Dr. Ann T. Orlando 5April 2019

  2. Introduction • Napoleon • Political History of 19th C

  3. Napoleon (1769-1821) • Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France • Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist • Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797) • Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798) • In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799) • Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800) • Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804) • Napoleon invades Russia 1812 • Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne • Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815 • Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

  4. www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htmwww.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htm

  5. Napoleon: Relations with Church • Social: Napoleonic Code • Supports divorce • Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore ‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy • Concordat of 1801 • Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who did not • Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them • Clergy paid by state • Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682 • In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church • Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808 • Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive • Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

  6. Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon • Re-established moral authority of Church, even for non-Catholics • Many people convert to Catholicism • Re-established Jesuits in 1814 • Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham) • Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

  7. Congress of Vienna (1815) • After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon • Prince Klemens von Metternich • The architect of the Congress of Vienna, • His main goal was to support conservative governments in Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France.  • The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other. • Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

  8. France After Napoleon • Brief restoration of monarchy • Revolution 1848 • French Republics • Two powerful competing groups of Catholics in France • Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture; return to throne and altar • Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

  9. Holy Roman Empire • Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany • After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, • Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states • Revolution of 1848 • Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 • King as figure head

  10. Italy • 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States • 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; • Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States • Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification • King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 • Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification

  11. Spain • Brutally occupied by Napoleon • After Napoleon’s defeat, Spain oscillated between • Liberal republics (anti-Church) • Restoration of absolute monarchies • Conservative assemblies • Spain also divided and in turmoil along geographic lines • Catalonia • Basques

  12. England 17th – 19th C • George I Hanover • George III reigns 1760-1820 • American Revolution • Queen Victoria 1837-1901 • During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy • By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government • England becomes dominant world power • “The sun never sets on the British crown”

  13. British Empire at End of 19th C

  14. New Religious Orders • In 19th C new orders often established meet a local need • Revised Spirituality • Social Welfare • Education • Medical • Some new 19th C orders • Assumptionists • Oblates of Virgin Mary • Marists • Stigmatines • Josephite Fathers • Sisters of Immaculate Heart of mary • Salesians of Don Bosco • Congregation of Holy Cross • Reconstituted Jesuits

  15. Assumptionists • Founded in 1843 by Fr. Emmanuel D’Alzon in Nimes, France • Fr D’Alzon was a student of Lamennais, but broke with him • Founded an order for men and women mostly focused on education • Rule based on Augustine’s Rule • Established a newspaper, La Croix, one of the oldest in France and a publishing house • Actively opposed liberal tendencies in France • La Croix published radical ultramontanists and political articles • Also strongly supported Lourdes and organized first pilgrimages to Lourdes • Assumptionist suppressed in France in 1900; returned in 1905 • Since then, Assumptionists have had a world-wide apostolate, especially in Asia

  16. Oblates of the Virgin Mary • Founded in 1816 in northern Italy by Fr. Bruno Lanteri • Based on Christian Friendship societies developed to help laity and clergy form groups dedicated to helping each other in the spiritual life • Jesuit Spiritual Exercises • Help revive the Church after French Revolution and Napoleon • Ministry • Preach missions • Lead retreats • Oblate communities are world-wide

  17. Josephite Fathers • Founded by American bishops after the Civil War in 1871 to evangelize and serve African-Americans • Initial priests from St. Joseph’s Society for Foreign Missions in London • Josephites are found primarily in the Southern US

  18. Sisters of Immaculate Heart of Mary • Founded in Spain by Fr. Joachim Masmija in 1848 • Purpose was to revitalize Catholic society through the education of young women • Within 20 years of their founding, Sisters of Immaculate Heart went to Los Angeles to found schools for girls • From there they spread through much of the US and Mexico • Three Immaculate Heart sisters were canonized and recognized as martyrs because of their deaths during Spanish Civil War

  19. Some 19th C Missionary Orders • Missionary Sisters of Immaculate Conception • White Fathers and Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa • Missionaries of St Charles Borromeo • Congregation of Immaculate Heart of Mary Missionaries • Maryknoll (20th C)

  20. Maryknoll • Founded by Fr. James Walsh (Boston) and Fr. Thomas Price (North Carolina) to train young men for foreign missions • Fr. Price died in Hong Kong in 1919 • Maryknoll seminary established in Ossining, New York in 1912 • First priests sent to China, then Korea • Especially known for schools and orphanages • Maryknoll Sisters (1921) and Maryknoll Lay Missioners • Maryknoll supports missions world-wide

  21. Church Missionary Society • British evangelical missionary organization (Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist) • Founded 1799 • Major force in spread of Protestant Christianity in Asia and Africa throughout the 19th C • A de facto arm of British colonial efforts

  22. 19th C Colonialism • Africa and Asia • Expansion of trade and economic colonialism to control of territory • To protect economic interests, colonial powers assume control of politics • Missionaries have much less restricted reach into local populations • Latin America • Criollos wanted strong ties with industrialized US and Northern Europe • Led to Protestant missions in Latin America starting in early 20th C

  23. Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin America • In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of Spain • Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph • Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph • Effect disrupted authority of Peninsulares; • Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments • When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power • River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816 • Chile 1818; • Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Equator) 1826 • Brazil 1821

  24. Complex relationship between Rome and Latin American Churches • Everyone called themselves a Catholic • Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism as the state religion • Higher social status, more allied with old world; especially true of bishops • After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some propose national Catholic churches • Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy • Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political models associated with US • Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as being out of touch with vast majority of people • Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology

  25. Protestant Missions in Latin America • Wars of independence and association of Church with repressive sets conditions for advances of Protestants in Latin America • Pentecostals • Founded by African Americans in 1906 in California • Strong belief in the action of the Holy Spirit on the believer • Soon spread among poor in Caribbean, Mexico and beyond

  26. Colonialism in Africa • Greatly expanded in late 19th, early 20th C • Berlin Conference 1884-1885; how to divide Africa between England, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany • Religious missionaries follow these divisions

  27. Colonial Africawww.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/scrambleafrica.htm

  28. Missions in China 19th C • Protestant (English) Mission began in 1807 • Quickly developed in British-dominated seaports • Later 19th and 20th C major push into inland Chinese missions • Catholic Chinese missions • Generally, Catholics (unlike Protestants) not welcome in China as a result of 17th C Rites Controversy • Subject to sporadic persecutions • French priests from Viet Nam able to make some inroads in southern China • Maryknoll missionaries in 20th C revives Catholic Chinese missions

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