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Writing with External Text Frames

The I-Journey:. Writing with External Text Frames. Text Frames are…. …the frame (or skeleton, or structure…) around which the information is written. INTERNAL text frames are ways of organizing information within the paragraphs themselves.

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Writing with External Text Frames

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  1. The I-Journey: Writing with External Text Frames

  2. Text Frames are… • …the frame (or skeleton, or structure…) around which the information is written. • INTERNAL text frames are ways of organizing information within the paragraphs themselves. • EXTERNAL text frames are ways of organizing information that are not part of the paragraphs themselves.

  3. INTERNAL TEXT FRAMES • How is the information organized throughout the writing? • Examples you will recognize: • Cause-effect • Chronological order • Spatial order • Question-answer • Problem-solution • Order of importance • Concept-examples

  4. EXTERNAL TEXT FRAMES You’ve probably seen these in some fiction narratives: Some less common ones: • Illustrations • Captions (for illustrations) • Chapter titles or headings • Different fonts • Bold, italics, all-caps • Changing narrators/points of view • Maps • Footnotes • Endnotes • Free verse/poetry • Memos • Letters • Script-style dialogue

  5. Why use external text frames? • Reader interest • Breaks up the reading • Just to be different • Best way to present the information • (many external text frames are there to make something clear that was unclear before.)

  6. For each of the following examples, ask yourself: • Why did the author decide to use this external text frame instead of some other one (or none at all)? • How might it make the story better?

  7. ILLUSTRATIONS: The Phantom Tollbooth

  8. ILLUSTRATIONS & CAPTIONS: The Tale of Despereaux

  9. Illustrations can sometimes clarify a description. Text and picture from From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler

  10. PARTS/SECTIONS: The Tale of Despereaux

  11. CHAPTER TITLES:The Phantom Tollbooth

  12. POINT OF VIEW: • Many books are told by several different narrators. This makes the story more interesting because you get to see different sides of the story. • No More Dead Dogs by Gordon Korman • The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara • Pendragon series by D. J. MacHale • Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer

  13. POINT OF VIEW: No More Dead Dogs

  14. Use of Poetry (usually free verse): • Free Verse is poetry that doesn’t have to fit to a certain meter or rhyme scheme. • Some novels are written in free verse instead of prose. (Prose is language that’s not poetry.) • Examples: • Make Lemonade by Virginia Euwer Wolff • Crank (or anything else) by Ellen Hopkins

  15. FREE VERSE: Make Lemonade

  16. Footnotes & Endnotes • Give additional information1 without cluttering up the text • Footnotes and endnotes both use a number in superscript, next to the sentence they refer to2. • Footnotes come at the bottom of the page; endnotes come at the end of the whole book3. 1 (such as an aside) 2 you could also use an asterisk or other symbol, if you want 3 or paper, or whatever

  17. FOOTNOTES: Bartimaeus trilogy

  18. MAPS: The Phantom Tollbooth

  19. MAPS:From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler

  20. MEMOS, LETTERS, AND DOCUMENTS: Nothing But the Truth

  21. LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS: No More Dead Dogs

  22. DIALOGUE AS A SCRIPT: Nothing But the Truth

  23. FONTS: The Phantom Tollbooth

  24. NOW WHAT? • What external text frames could you use to make your I-Journey more interesting? • Diary entries? • Journal entries? • “Newspaper clippings”? • Letters? • Dialogue as script? • Maps? • Fonts? • Sections?

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