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Agenda. 1. Areas 2. Stress and strain 3. Axial loading 4. Torsion loading 5. Beam loading 6. Engineering materials 7. Vibration 8. Fatigue 9. Thermal loading. 1. Areas. Area First moment of an area Centroid of an area Moment of inertia of an area Parallel axis theorem
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Agenda 1. Areas 2. Stress and strain 3. Axial loading 4. Torsion loading 5. Beam loading 6. Engineering materials 7. Vibration 8. Fatigue 9. Thermal loading
1. Areas • Area • First moment of an area • Centroid of an area • Moment of inertia of an area • Parallel axis theorem • Polar moment of inertia 1. Areas
Area (1 of 2) dA A = area = y 3 dA = (y-1) dx y = -0.5x + 4 1 x 2 6 6 (-0.5x + 3)dx = 4 A = area = 2 Area by integrating in x direction 1. Areas
Area (2 of 2) y 3 dA = (x-2) dx x = -2y + 8 1 x 2 6 3 (-2y + 6)dy = 4 A = area = 1 Area by integrating in y direction 1. Areas
First moment of an area (1 of 3) Qy = first moment of area with respect to the y-axis = x dA Qx = first moment of area with respect to the x-axis = y dA Definitions of first moment of area 1. Areas
First moment of an area (2 of 3) y 3 dA = (y-1) dx y = -0.5x + 4 x 1 x 2 6 6 Qy = (-0.5x + 3) x dx = 13.33 2 Qy 1. Areas
First moment of an area (3 of 3) y 3 dA = (y-1) dx y = -0.5x + 4 1 y x 2 6 3 Qx = (-2y + 6) y dy = 6.67 1 Qx 1. Areas
Centroid of an area (1 of 2) • xc = Qy/A • yc = Qx/A Centroids of area in terms of moments 1. Areas
Centroid of an area (2 of 2) • xc = Qy/A = 13.33/4 = 3.33 • yc = Qx/A = 6.67/4 = 1.67 Centroid of an area for previous examples 1. Areas
Moment of inertia of an area (1 of 3) Iy = first moment of area with respect to the y-axis = x2 dA Ix = first moment of area with respect to the x-axis = y2 dA Definitions of moment of inertia 1. Areas
Moment of inertia of an area (2 of 3) 6 Iy = (-0.5x + 3) x2 dx = 48 2 Iy for previous example 1. Areas
Moment of inertia of an area (3 of 3) y 3 y = -0.5x + 7/3 1 x -4/3 8/3 10/3 8/3 Iy = (-0.5x + 4/3) x2 dx = 3.55 -4/3 Iy for previous example with axis shifted 10/3 to centroid 1. Areas
Parallel axis theorem • Parallel axis theorem -- Iparallel axis = Ic + A d2 • From previous example -- 3.55 + 4 x (10/3)2 = 48 Using parallel axis theorem to compute Iy 1. Areas
Polar moment of inertia (1 of 2) J = polar moment of inertia = (x2 +y2 ) dA Definition of polar moment of inertia 1. Areas
Polar moment of inertia (2 of 2) dA=2 rdr dr r R R J = r2 2 rdr 0 = R4/2 Example of computing J for a circle 1. Areas
2. Stress and strain • Physical requirements • Free-body diagrams • Stress and strain • Hooke’s law • Poisson’s ratio • Stress concentrations • Combined stresses 2. Stress and strain
Physical requirements • Works • Doesn’t break 2. Stress and strain
Free-body diagrams • A diagram that illustrates all the forces acting on a body • If the forces are balanced, the body does not accelerate; otherwise it does • Free-body diagram should include the cross section of interest 2. Stress and strain
Stress and strain • Stress is force per unit area • Normal stress • Area is normal to force • = F/A • Shear stress • Area is parallel to force • = F/A • Strain is elongation expressed as a fraction or percentage of basis 2. Stress and strain
Hooke’s law (1 of 2) • Relationship between stress and strain • = E • E = modulus of elasticity • = normal strain • = G • G = shear modulus • = shear strain Definition of Hooke’s law 2. Stress and strain
Hooke’s law (2 of 2) normal shear G Lo = 1 E Hooke’s law for normal and shear stress 2. Stress and strain
Poisson’s ratio (1 of 2) • = Poisson’s ratio = ratio of lateral strain to axial strain • x = 1/E (x - y) • y = 1/E (y - x) • 0 < < 0.5 • liquids = 0.50 • aluminum = 0.32 - 0.34 • steel = 0.26 - 0.29 • brass = 0.33 - 0.36 • rubber = 0.49 Definition of Poisson’s ratio 2. Stress and strain
Poisson’s ratio (2 of 2) • Problem • x = 22,000 psi • y = -14,000 psi • E = 30,000,000 psi • = 0.3 • Solution • x = 1/ 30,000,000 (22,000 - 0.3 (-14,000 )) = 0.00087 • y = 1/ 30,000,000 (-14,000 - 0.3 22,000 ) = 0.00069 Example using Poisson’s ratio 2. Stress and strain
Stress concentrations (1 of 2) • Concentrations occur wherever there is a discontinuity or non-uniformity in an object • Stepped shafts • Plates with holes and notches • Shafts with key ways Stress occurs at discontinuities 2. Stress and strain
Stress concentrations (2 of 2) • Concentrations can be thought of as streamlines • Where there are concentrations, the streamlines are closer together • Near concentrations, stress increases over what would normally be calculated • c = k , where 1 k 3 Stress can be visualized as streamlines 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (1 of 7) y xy x xy x xy xy y 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (2 of 7) ds nt n x dy xy xy y dx 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (3 of 7) n ds (1) - x dy (1) sin - y dx (1) cos + xy dy (1) cos + xy dx (1) sin = 0 n = x dy/ds sin + y dx/ds cos - xy dy/ds cos - xy dx/ds sin dx/ds = cos dy/ds = sin n = x sin2 + y cos2 - 2 xy sin cos n = (x + y )/2 + (y - x )/2 cos 2 - xy sin 2 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (4 of 7) nt ds (1) + x dy (1) cos - y dx (1) sin + xy dy (1) sin - xy dx (1) cos = 0 nt = - x dy/ds cos + y dx/ds sin - xy dy/ds sin + xy dx/ds cos nt = (y - x )/2 sin 2 + xy cos 2 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (5 of 7) Set d n/d = 0 tan 2 = - xy /[(y - x )/2] Minimum and maximum axial stress n = (x + y )/2 sqrt { [(y - x )/2]2 + xy2} 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (6 of 7) Set d nt/d = 0 tan 2 = [(y - x )/2]/ xy Minimum and maximum shear stress on a plane at 45 degrees to normal stress nt = sqrt { [(y - x )/2]2 + xy2} 2. Stress and strain
Combined stresses (7 of 7) max (y, xy ) 2 min max 0 (x, -xy ) min Mohr’s circle 2. Stress and strain
Failures (1 of 2) U ductile Y P U brittle U P ductile without yield P Stress vs strain for ductile, ductile-without-yield, and brittle materials 2. Stress and strain
Failures (2 of 2) • Definitions • Elastic limit -- Maximum stress at which all strain disappears when stress goes away • Proportional limit (P) -- Maximum stress for which stress is proportional to strain • Yield point (Y) -- Stress at which strain increases without increase of stress. Most materials don’t have a yield point • Ultimate strength (U) -- Maximum stress that can be applied Definitions for previous stress-vs-strain curves 2. Stress and strain
3. Axial loading • Axial force • Transverse force • Deformation • Strain energy • Spring constant 3. Axial loading
Axial force (1 of 2) • An axial force is force in the direction of the axis of the body 3. Axial loading
Axial force (2 of 2) 414 lb 32o10’ 6’ 550 lb 1040 lb 300 lb 8’ A A 30o 5’ 10’ F = 1040 sin(30o)-300 F H 1040 lb M 300 lb A A 30o 3. Axial loading
Transverse force (1 of 2) • A transverse force is force perpendicular to the axis of the body 3. Axial loading
Transverse force (2 of 2) 414 lb 32o10’ 6’ 550 lb 1040 lb 300 lb 8’ A A 30o 5’ 10’ H = 1040 cos(30o) F H 1040 lb M 300 lb A A 30o 3. Axial loading
Deformation • Elastic deformation = • = Lo = Lo / E = Lo F / E A, where • F = axial force • A = area of cross section 3. Axial loading
Strain energy • Total strain energy = U • U = 1/2 F = F2Lo / 2E A 3. Axial loading
Spring constant • Stiffness, or spring constant, is the ratio of force to the displacement caused by the force • Stiffness = k = F/ • Stiffness is an important consideration in accommodating vibration 3. Axial loading
4. Torsion loading • Torsion • Shear 4. Torsion loading
Torsion • Torsion is twist • Usually, the cross section of bar warps in torsion • The shear stress at a point on a boundary is parallel to the boundary • The shear stress at a corner is zero 4. Torsion loading
Shear (1 of 2) = r /L r = G = G r /L L T = dA r = G /L r2 dA = G J /L = TL/(JG) = Tr/J 4. Torsion loading
Shear (2 of 2) • Problem • Solid bar • Diameter = 2 inches • G = 12,000,000 psi • T = 50,000 in-lbf • L = 4 inches • Find • Maximum shear • Maximum twist J = r4 /2 = 1.57 in4 = Tr/J = 50,000 x 1/1.57 = 31,800 psi = TL/(JG) = 50,000 x 4/(1.57 x 12,000,000) = 0.6o 4. Torsion loading
5. Beam loading • Shear and moment • Stress • Deflection • Failures 5. Beam loading
Shear and moment (1 of 3) • Shear at any point on a beam is the sum of all forces from the point to the left end • V=dM/dx • Upward loads are positive Shear 5. Beam loading
Shear and moment (2 of 3) • Moment at any point on a beam is the sum of all moments and couples from the point to the left end • Clockwise moments are positive • M= V dx • Maximum moments occur where V=0 Moment 5. Beam loading
Shear and moment (3 of 3) 2F/L L V F FL/2 M Diagrams