Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7 Section II Britain led in the rise of industry

2. Recap • Britain had a great food supply, large work force, and plenty of people with money to invest

3. Working from home • Prior to the factories… • Cottage industries: Small scale industry carried on at home by family members usually using their own equipment • Textiles followed many steps • Merchant delivered raw materials • Weavers process raw materials • Producing a finished product • Merchant picks up finished project

4. Advantage and disadvantages • Create own work schedule • Family live revolved around the business • If parent was sick, children could pick up slack • Disadvantages • Fire/flood would destroy home and business • Cloth making required skill • Adults had physical strength to complete jobs

5. Inventions revolutionized the textile industry • Britain leading sheep raising area in the world • Raw wool and wool cloth Britain's main exports • All cloth produced by hand • Spinners and weavers (primarily women) • Worked in homes using spinning wheels and hand looms • Britain also produced linen and cotton • Demand for clothing was too great to continue producing by hand

6. Six Major Inventions • 1773 John Kay, a watchmaker, invented the flying shuttle • A shuttle that moved back and forth on wheels, with yarn attached

7. Spinning Jenny • James Hargreaves • 1764 invented the Spinning Jenny • Named in honor of his wife • Allowed spinners to work 6 or 8 threads at at time • Later models could spin 80 threads

8. Richard Arkwright • 1769 invented the water frame • Used water power from fast flowing streams to drive spinning wheels

9. Samuel Crompton • 1779 combined the Spinning Jenny and the Water frame known as the spinning mule • Mule produced stronger and finer thread • Machine was too large and expensive for cottage industry

10. Edmund Cartwright • 1785 Edmund invented the power loom • Ran by water • Inefficient but steady improvements by 1813 more than 2000 were in use. By 1833 more than 100,000 in large factories • By late 1700’s spinners and weavers working so fast, cotton growers could not keep up

11. Cotton Industry • Britain's cotton came from Southern parts of the United States • North Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia • Most time consuming process was removing the seed from raw cotton • 1793 Eli Whitney, American, invents the cotton gin • Allowed slaves to pick ten times amount of cotton per day

12. Cotton Gin

13. Cotton Production • 1791 U.S produced 9000 bails of cotton • 1831 produced 987000 bails • Enough to keep pace with production in Britain • Cotton cloth production in Britain • 40 million yards in 1785 • 2 billion yards in 1850 (5000% increase)

14. Watt improved the steam engine • Factories biggest drawback? • 1705 coal miners were using steam pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts • James Watt 1765 discovered how to make engine more productive • Financially backed by partner Matthew Boulton • By 1800, 500 steam engines working in factories

15. Factories and Factory Towns • Factory: A large building where goods are manufactured • Factories needed waterpower so built near fast running streams or waterfalls • Work in factory divided into simpler steps • Allowing for children to do more work • Preferred hiring children for lower wages • Majority of work force was still adult men

16. Dangerous for children • Weaving loom threads would snap or break. Children with small hands could reach in machine while the machine was still running • Workdays • Consisted of 12 hour shifts • No air ventilation • Poor sanitation • Inadequate food

17. Factory Towns grew around large factories • Some companies provided housing for farmers coming from countryside • Coal Towns • Hazard of burning coal • Soot blanketed towns • Sulfur and other poison released in air • Smelting factories • Labeled as “black country”