Women‘s Rights in the context of Islam

1. Women‘sRights in thecontextof Islam

2. Structure • IslamicFeminism • 1.1. Historical Context: Iran • 1.2. „Definition ofFeminism“ • 1.3. Debate on IslamicFeminism • 1.4. Outlook • 2. The Rhetoricof „Salvation“ • 2.1. Historical Context: Afghanistan • 2.2. Debate on „Salvation“

3. Historical Context: IRAN • January 1979 : Islamic Revolution • April 1979: IslamicRepublic – Ayatollah Khomeini • Islamic Law • Abolishingof Family Protection Law from 1967 •  Islamic Family Law • diminishingof legal statusandsocialpositionofwomen • 1980s: Islamicmodernization • September 1980: War withIraq • 1990s: increaseofwomen in government • 1996: 38% womenascivilservants • late 1990s: Reform Movement

4. Education • literacyofwomen: • 29% in 1976 • 87% in 2005 • 1998: first time morewomen in universities • 2012: 60% women in universities • femaledoctor‘sincrease 269% • Shirin Ebadi • 2012: exclusion from 77 university degree courses in 36 state universities • to stop women‘s progresses, return them to private domain

5. Whatisfeminismforyou? The advocacyofwomen’srights on thegroundsofpolitical, social, andeconomicequalitytomen. (Oxford Dictionary) Feminismisboth an intellectualcommitmentand a politicalmovementthatseeksjusticeforwomenandthe end ofsexism in all forms.However, therearemany different kindsoffeminism. (Stanford EncyclopediaofPhilosophy) The belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state. (Cambridge Dictionary)

6. Whatisfeminismforyou? The advocacyofwomen’srights on thegroundsofpolitical, social, andeconomicequalitytomen. (Oxford Dictionary) Feminismisboth an intellectualcommitmentand a politicalmovementthatseeksjusticeforwomenandthe end ofsexism in all forms.However, therearemanydifferent kindsoffeminism. (Stanford EncyclopediaofPhilosophy) The belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state. (Cambridge Dictionary)

7. Feminism - Ziba Mir-Hosseini „Formefeminismisboth, a consciousnessthatwomensufferdiscriminationathome, atwork, in societyand in lifebecauseoftheirgender, as well asan actionto do somethingaboutthis. So itis a strivingforjusticeandequalityforwomen in a just world; itis a frameofmindand a wayoflife, a kindofpaththatcanbefollowedbyeveryone.“

8. WhatisIslamicFeminism? Demands Gender equalityandjustice Women equaltomales Seperatingreligionfrompatriarchy Rejecting orthodox viewsofcomplementaryrights Hugelyvaried Method Rereading and Reinterpretation– return to the Qu'ran Expose patriarchy as no natural part of Islam Distinction fiqh and Sharia

9. http://www.islamandfeminism.org/myriam-franccedilois-cerrah.htmlhttp://www.islamandfeminism.org/myriam-franccedilois-cerrah.html

10. The debate – academicdiscourse Defendors Opponents • Najmabadi, Mir-Hosseini • Exploring possibilities that exist within Islam concerning women‘s interests • Haideh Moghissi, Sharzad Mojab, Hammed Shahidian • Against the possibility that activists in Isamic framework should be described as „Islamic feminists“

11. Defendors - Arguments Making visible the question of women Rereading → improvement, modernization Dialogue New discourses on gender Repression → resistence and empowerment Reform possible Re-negotiation Public debate, discussion

12. Opponents - arguments Oxymoron Not a matter of choice Exaggeration of gains Reforms at best very limited Strengthening legitimacy of Islamic system Illusory No reform possible

13. TensionsandConflicts Political Islam Islamic traditionalism Secular fundamentalism Western critique of Islam Fellow Western feminists

14. Andnow? substantive equality justice and equality are contested and relative concepts global women's movement re-definition of feminism Emphasis on practice on action, not on ideology feminism should not be an exclusive club, the ideas should be accessible to everyone

15. História dos direitos das mulheres no Afeganistão 1919-1929 Reino de Khan: expansão dos direitos das mulheres (liberdade em espaços públicos, menor controle pela família, educação, desvelamento, abolimento do casamento forçado e redução da poligamia) 08 de novembro de 1959 Fim do velamento imposto pelo Estado 1964 Nova Constituição  democracia moderna: igualdade de direitos e as mulheres podem partecipar na política 1977 "Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan“ 1978 Partido Democrático reformas sociais: a separação da religião do governo, a proibição da burca, o aumento da idade mínima para o casamento, educação, trabalho

16. 1996 Os talibãs ao poder: as mulheres devem velar-se plenamente, não podem sair de casa, difícil assistência médica, batimentos, prostituição e escravidão 2001 Intervenção americana para "salvar“ as mulheres 2004 Nova Constituição  direitos iguais, as mulheres podem votar. 2009 Governo Karzai "código de conduta"

17. Human rights Watch 2014 • Proteção frágil para mulheres e meninas: • parentes de acusado não podem testemunhas em processos penais • não foi abolida a acusação das • mulheres para os crimes morais • série de ataques e assassinatos • muitos casos de violência • - ainda negada a educação, mas melhor acesso aos cuidados médicos e uma assistência médica qualificada

18. “Do Muslim Women Need Saving?” Lila Abu-Lughod Explicações culturais para dividir o mundo: "homens brancos salvam mulheres marrons de homens marrons“ (Feminismo Colonial)

19. Cultura como motivo de ataques políticos Discurso de Laura Bush para justificar a "Guerra ao Terrorismo" no Afeganistão “mulheres afegãs que estarem regozijantes por sua liberação pelos americanos” Laura Bush: http://solstice.ischool.utexas.edu/projects/index.php/Afghanistan

20. Política do véu • Contra a interpretação reducionista do véu como sinal da falta de liberdade das mulheres • Símbolo de respeitabilidade • e modéstia • Reconhecer e respeitar as • diferenças • A liberdade total não é • possível em qualquer • comunidade social

21. Para além da retórica da salvação Senso de superioridadedos ocidentais Os movimentos islâmicos surgiram em um mundo moldado pelo intenso engajamento das potências ocidentais na vida do Médio Oriente. O trabalho missionário eo feminismo colonial pertencem ao passado. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=uYAM7gMEd1g (Lila Abu- Lughod)

22. "Salvando as mulheres muçulmanas: feminismo, política dos Estados Unidos e a guerra contra o terrorismo" Janine Rich Justificação ao colonialismo europeu: erradicar culturas colonizadas para "salvar" as mulheres Intervenções americanas pioraram a situação dos direitos das mulheres Manipulação e simplificação dos fatos e omissão intencional da profunda culpa dos Estados Unidos “Feminism is local, and has many colors, and isn’t always called ‘feminism’ because ‘feminism’ is owned and run by White women who bring White men in fighter planes” Shabana Mir

23. DiscussionQuestion Do youthinkthe West shouldintervene in Islam‘swomendiscourses? Whichroleshouldthe West take in thisdebate?

24. Texts: http://www.countercurrents.org/gen-badran100206.htm http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/womens-rights.html http://www.zeit.de/2015/13/gleichberechtigung-frauen-iran/seite-3 http://ajammc.com/2012/08/22/no-iran-didnt-just-ban-women-from-universities-2/ http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2012-08/frauenrechte-iran-shirin-ebadi http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php http://www.islamandfeminism.org/-start-exploring.html http://www.countercurrents.org/sikand070210.htm http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9487761/Anger-as-Iran-bans-women-from-universities.html

25. Pictures: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rraham/khomeini.jpg http://niemanreports.org/articles/iranian-journalist-a-job-with-few-options/ https://woodturtle.wordpress.com/2010/11/18/gender-jihad/ http://ajammc.com/2012/08/22/no-iran-didnt-just-ban-women-from-universities-2/ http://missionfreeiran.org/2010/12/19/dec-9-2010-npc/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8934132/Afghanistans-women-languishing-in-prisons-10-years-after-fall-of-Taliban.html

26. Obrigada pela vossa atenção 