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Learning • Webster’s Dictionary (1991) states that learn means “to acquire knowledge of or skill in by study, instruction, or experience.” (p. 772). I agree with this definition, though I would emphasize “skill in.” Indeed, I might change the word “or” here to “and” for a more complete definition. Unfortunately, many define learn as the simple acquisition of knowledge or data as another of Webster’s definitions states “to memorize” (p. 772).
No matter the definition of intelligence,all agree that learning is an important ingredient
General types of Learning D e d u c t i v e Generalization (or Rule) --------------> Specific Examples or Activities Deductive learning improves existing knowledge producing a form easier or more efficient to use. I n d u c t i v e Specific Examples or Activities --------------> Generalization (or Rule) Inductive learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge that did not exist implicitly or explicitly before.
One approach • Derive rules from data • Store failures and successes • Derive principles from failures and successes • Use the principles to perform more and more successfully
Gradus • Based on Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Fux (1725) • Creates accompaniment lines to a given line (cantus firmus) • When a dead end occurs, store the problem, backtrack until success (store the success). • Use problems to foresee impossible circumstances and avoid backtracking • Until no backtracking is necessary.
Gradus • Demonstration
