Detail of Swedish immigrants passing through Boston on their way west. Newspaper engraving (1852).

1. A New Spirit of Change, 1820–1860 Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on the nation. Detail of Swedish immigrants passing through Boston on their way west. Newspaper engraving (1852). NEXT

2. A New Spirit of Change, 1820–1860 SECTION 1 The Hopes of Immigrants SECTION 2 American Literature and Art SECTION 3 Reforming American Society SECTION 4 Abolition and Women’s Rights NEXT

3. Section 1 The Hopes of Immigrants In the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans come to the United States hoping to build a better life. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 The Hopes of Immigrants Why People Migrated • Emigrants—people who leave a country • Immigrants—people who settle in a new country • Most immigrants make voyage to America in steerage • Steerage—cheapest deck on ship, cramped conditions, filthy • During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe Chart Continued . . . NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Continued Why People Migrated • People immigrate because of push-pull factors • Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands • Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 Continued Why People Migrated • Push factors include: - agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land - crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry - Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work - religious, political turmoil causes religious persecution • Pull factors include freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land NEXT

7. SECTION 1 Scandinavians Seek Land • Cheap land lures thousands of Scandinavians to U.S. • Swedish government restricts emigration, later cancels restrictions • In U.S., Scandinavians settle in Midwest, become farmers NEXT

8. SECTION 1 Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity • Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats Map • Also settle in Texas, found town of Fredericksburg • Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, carpenters in cities • Some German Jews work as traveling salespeople • Germans largest immigrant group of 1800s, influence U.S. culture NEXT

9. SECTION 1 The Irish Flee Hunger • Most Irish immigrants are Catholic • Immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty, British mistreatment • In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop • Causes famine—a severe food shortage, forces many to emigrate • In U.S., Irish become city-dwellers, few skills, take low-paying jobs Map • Compete with free blacks for backbreaking work that no one else wants NEXT

10. SECTION 1 U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding • Immigrants, native-born Americans flock to cities • Rapid urban growth causes housing shortage • Many people live in cramped, filthy apartment buildings • Immigrant groups set up aid societies to help newcomers • Politicians set up organizations to help arrivals find housing, jobs NEXT

11. SECTION 1 Some Americans Oppose Immigration • Some native-born Americans fear immigrants will not learn American ways • Others fear that immigrants will outnumber natives • As a result, immigrants face anger, prejudice • Prejudice—negative opinion not based on facts Continued . . . NEXT

12. SECTION 1 Continued Some Americans Oppose Immigration • Nativists—native-born Americans who want to stop foreign influence • Refuse to hire immigrants, vote for Catholics, immigrants running for office • Start political party, Know-Nothing Party, in 1850s • Want to ban Catholics, foreign-born from holding office • Want to cut immigration, have 21-year wait period for U.S. citizenship • Elects 6 governors, then party quickly dies out NEXT

13. Section 2 American Literature and Art Inspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produce some of America’s greatest works. NEXT

14. SECTION 2 American Literature and Art Writing About America • American writers are influenced by romanticism • Romanticism—inspiration from nature, stresses individual, feelings • American writers celebrate American wilderness • James Fenimore Cooper writes adventure novels set in the wilderness Image • Noah Webster publishes dictionary based on American-style English (1828) • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poetry celebrates the American past NEXT

15. SECTION 2 Creating American Art • American artists are influenced by romanticism • Hudson River schoolartists paint lush natural landscapes • Albert Bierstadt paints majestic landscapes of the American West Image • John James Audubon sketches American birds, animals • Enslaved African Americans make baskets, quilts, pottery • Enslaved African American David Drake signs the pottery he makes NEXT

16. SECTION 2 Following One’s Conscience • Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination, nature Image • Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845) • Emerson, Thoreau believe in transcendentalism: - spiritual world more important than physical world - find truth through feeling, intuition Continued . . . NEXT

17. SECTION 2 Continued Following One’s Conscience • Thoreau believes in following individual conscience • Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws • Uses non-violent protest—civildisobedience • Margaret Fuller argues for women’s rights in book, magazine NEXT

18. SECTION 2 Exploring the Human Heart • Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people • Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, death • Whitman, Dickinson shape modern poetry • Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories • Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, revenge • Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick NEXT

19. Section 3 Reforming American Society In the mid-1800s, several reform movements work to improve American education and society. NEXT

20. SECTION 3 Reforming American Society A Spirit of Revival • Second GreatAwakening—renewal of religious faith, 1790s, early 1800s • Preachers speak at revivals—meetings to reawaken religious faith • Revivalist preachers claim that anyone can choose salvation • Claim sin is selfishness, religious faith leads people to help others • Such teachings awaken a spirit of reform Chart • Americans believe they can make things better NEXT

21. SECTION 3 Temperance Societies • Temperancemovement—campaign to stop alcohol consumption • Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s • Temperance workers hand out pamphlets, produce plays • Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol • Business owners support temperance, want sober workers • By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, most are repealed NEXT

22. SECTION 3 Fighting for Workers’ Rights • Factory work is noisy, boring, unsafe • Women mill workers start labor union • Laborunion—workers who ban together, get better working conditions • Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836) • Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), jobs are scarce • Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals NEXT

23. SECTION 3 Improving Education • Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837) • A few Northern cities start public high schools • Churches, other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most • Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South • Few colleges accept African Americans NEXT

24. SECTION 3 Caring for the Needy • Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill Image • Thomas H. Gallaudet starts first American school for the deaf (1817) • Samuel G. Howe starts Perkins School for the Blind (1830s) • Reformers improve prisons: - separate children from main jails - call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners NEXT

25. SECTION 3 Spreading Ideas Through Print • Cheaper newsprint, steam-driven press lowers price of newspapers • Average Americans can afford to buy “penny papers” • Contain serious news, gripping stories of fires and crimes Image • Hundreds of new magazines appear • Ladies’ Magazine advocates education for women NEXT

26. SECTION 3 Creating Ideal Communities • Some people attempt to build an ideal society—utopia • New Harmony, Brook Farm are two famous utopias • Experience conflicts, financial difficulties last only a few years • Shakers set up a utopia, follow teachings of Ann Lee: - lead holy lives in communities - communities show God’s love - share, not fight Image • Depend on converts, adopting children to keep communities going NEXT

27. Section 4 Abolition and Women’s Rights The spread of democracy leads to calls for freedom for slaves and more rights for women. NEXT

28. SECTION 4 Abolition and Women’s Rights Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery • Abolition—movement to end slavery, begins in the late 1700s • Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South • Free African American David Walker urges slaves to revolt • William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper • Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery • John Quincy Adams introduces anti-slavery amendment NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Eyewitnesses to Slavery • Frederick Douglassspeaks about his own experience of slavery Image • Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, buys his freedom • Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, lives with Quakers who free her • Wins court battle to recover her son, speaks for abolition NEXT

30. SECTION 4 The Underground Railroad • UndergroundRailroad—aboveground escape routes from South to North • Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, trains Image • Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box, shipped North • Runaways usually travel by night, hide by day in places called stations NEXT

31. SECTION 4 Harriet Tubman • People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors • Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor • Escapes slavery (1849), makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons • Enemies offer reward for her capture, is never caught NEXT

32. SECTION 4 Women Reformers Face Barriers • Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stantonattend anti-slavery convention Image • Are not allowed to speak in public because they are women • William Lloyd Garrison supports women’s right to speak • In 1800s, woman have few legal, political rights • Stanton, Mott decide to demand equality for women NEXT

33. SECTION 4 The Seneca Falls Convention • Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848) • Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men, women are equal • Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote • Women’s rights movement is ridiculed NEXT

34. SECTION 4 Continued Calls for Women’s Rights • Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights • Scientist Maria Mitchell starts, Association for the Advancement of Women • Becomes first woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences • Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization • Supports laws that give married women rights to own property, earn wages • By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property, wage rights NEXT

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