Presented By.

1. Presented By. GROUP MEMBERS MUKANE PRATIK SAYLEE SALVI GREESHMA JOAG PUBLIC OPINION

2. DEMOCRACY= FREEDOM + ?

3. Views on Democracy Israel “Democracy is freedom of speech,freedom of occupation, freedom of fear, freedom of travel” Canada My image of democracy is a clash of ideas with the idea of compromise. Western style democracy is the idea of compromise. In Democracy is getting equal right.-India

4. Definations of Democracy-Over Time "Democracy, which is a charming form of government, full of variety and disorder, and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequaled alike.“-Socrates “I would not be a slave ,so I would not be a master. That defines democracy for me”-A.Lincon "Democracy is the worst form of government except for all those others that have been tried." –Winston Churchill “A great democracy should be progressive or it will cease to be a democracy anymore.”–Roosevelt

5. Self-Centered Man

6. Self-Centered Man • What is Public Opinion? • What is Democracy? • Loosely - decision of masses collectively • Democracy is by the people of the people and for the people.

7. Self-Centered Man • According to American political writer people have tame opinion or to obey it. • Most momentous question of government. • How to transmit the force of individual opinion into public action.

8. Self-Centered Man • How to put the idea of changing (self centered man) into action. • Qualities than can change our opinion. • Without analyzing opinion we can not change for better/ develop.

9. Self-Centered Man • Low fellows or 'problems' are regarded by political science to skilled organizers. • Inscrutable element- theory goes unexamined. • Superior people were still too strong and refrained from capitalizing.

10. Self-Centered Man • Differences of opinion between aristocrats and democrats. • Conflict between ideas and science. • Solution {voice of people is voice of god} • Paradox

11. Self-Centered Man • Key inventions. • Continuous reporting of unseen environment is feasible. • Self-centered man is one who sees the whole world by means of a few pictures in his head.

12. Self Contained Community

13. “At all times kings and persons of sovereign authority, because of their independency, are in continous jealousies and in the state and posture of gladiators,having their weapons pointing and eyes fixed”. –Leviathan , Hobbes 2 Approaches by philosophers to deal with it- Some conceived a just pattern of human relations with well defined functions and rights and all are only expected to fulfill them.Ex. The caste system, Plato’s republic etc. Some took conflict amongst communities for granted and only theorized how to control or govern over such a society. Ex.Machiavelli

14. Machiavelli,the first naturalist, showed how a valiant and sagacious ruler could best turn the events of a self contained society to the advantage and security of his dynasty. He gave the technique of existence of a self contained state. Turned a pungent description of’way things are’ into an eulogy of ‘that way of doing them’. Appearances ,on part of the prince are more important ,even if actual action is delayed.”Everyone sees what you appear to be ,few know what you are really”. It was his way of putting forth the subjectivity of people, as all their judgements are made by ‘what they see’ .

15. As Machiavelli believed, people see the world through their own class, dynastic, municipal versions of affairs. They see ‘their’ aspect in things. They feel threatened when they see other self centered groups. The question before democratic philosophers: People’s limited range of political knowledge vs. the will of these men to decide their own fate. The search and construction of an ‘Ideal image of democracy’…The answer lay in the small, unspoiled country, townships.A place where a group of independent and equally competent people manage their own affairs spontaneously-The Jefferson image of democracy.

16. From townships had come the support for American revolution . The revolution nurtured the doctrine of sovereignity in the townships and these votes carried Jefferson to power. A group of farmers came closest to fulfilling a spontaneous and self -sufficient democracy.This idea became a political gospel throughout America. To preserve ideal-necessary to fence off the communities from external circumstances.The Democratic theory never been able to concieve itself in the context of an unpredictable territory. Spontaneous democracy should deal with simple affairs. Any contact outside the group-is a threat.

17. Foreign policy and trade- Feared foreign connections.Distrust inmanufacturers as they create big cities and crowds. A minimal foreign policy to keep democracy safe and successful. Ex.Switzerland Public opinion-The isolated communities saw the world with the few images in their heads. Opinions were stereotyped by parents and teachers and few times were corrected by actual experience. Flow of news/info- people in self contained environment had all facts before their eyes. No need to guarantee sources of information-they were accessible to all. Legalism based on few tested rules to form new ones.

18. Force, Patronage, Priveledge

19. Conflict between national government and Self centered states The concurrence of 13 distinct sovereign wills necessary in a confederation for executing measures of importance. The states would consider how far their interest, conviniences are fulfilled by the proposed measure without considering national circumstances and reasons of the state. The founders of constitution decide to ‘ostensibly reform the articles of the confederation’ They were against the premise of 18th Century democracy and determined to offset the ideal of self-governing communities in self contained communities.

20. To manage the equation: Checks and balances introduced. Local/class interests were deadlocked. According to Hamilton, To govern the nation, men whose passions could be attatched to national interests were needed. He found them in the gentry. –public creditors,manufacturers,shippers ,traders,etc. The constitution, government house used as a tool to limit popular rule. They failed to see , an undemocratic constitution won’t be tolerated long Jefforson rose to victory & attacked the constitution . Taught the Americans to see constitution as a tool of democracy. Resolved the paradox of loyalty to democracy vs loyalty to constitution.

21. The people used to seeing contitution as a democratic tool found permanence in office as undemocratic. Patronage introduced in form of rotation in offices-to acknowledge talent of all men Patronage weaned leaders from too much attatchment to self-contained communities. Although succcessful, it only produced another new governing class in society. Congress: assembly of local representatives with local pictures. No standardized process/body for obtaining facts to make national laws. Deliberation on local items and laws , passed on as ‘priveldges of a national government’. Inducement to communities.

22. THE OLD IMAGE IN A NEW FORM - GUILD SOCIALISM -

23. What is Guild Socialism • Guild socialism is a political movement, through the medium of trade related association. • Originated in the United Kingdom • Inspired By Craftsmen and other skill workers.`

24. - BASIC IDEA - A Nation existence depended on power and power dependent on wealth

25. Role of force • Is primary an instrument of coercion. • Plays various roles. • It is supreme representative of a nation abroad.

26. Force to Choose Alternative Group • Whenever the quarrels of self-centered group become unbearable, reformer in the past found themselves force to choose between two great alternative. • Each economic decision was to be made by the man who had title to the property involved.

27. Force to Choose Alternative Group << • Invoked representative Government • The school of socialist looked upon centralization as the first stage of evolution.

28. THE OLD IMAGE IN A NEW FORM << • The spirit of association must be given free in the sphere in which it is best able to find expression. This is manifestly the factory, in which men have the habit and tradition of working together. • The representative (Khushi) who choose the representative (Head of teams) who finally “coordinate” and regulate the shops that are elected (Different team members).

29. THE OLD IMAGE IN A NEW FORM << • The peculiar virtue of functional democracy is supposed to be that men vote candidly according to their own interest, which it is assumed they know by daily experience.

30. NEW IMAGE • In the absence of institution and education by which the environment is so successfully reported that the realities of public stand out sharply against self-centered opinion. << • The democratic theory by failing to admit that self-centered opinions are not sufficient to procure good governance, is involved in the perpetual conflict between theory and practice.

31. NEW IMAGE • In the original assumption of democracy it was held that the expression, but his desire for good life was innate. • In so far as spontaneous democracy does not satisfy other interest, whereas it seems to most men most of the time to be an empty.

32. NEW IMAGE • The democracy has always assumed that if ‘political power’ could be derived in the right way it would be beneficial.

33. THANK YOU PUBLIC OPINION