Church History 2 Lesson 3

1. Church History 2Lesson 3 Day 03 - The Radical Protestants

2. At a glance: • Did you read all of Habakkuk? • Take Quiz 2 • Review the Objectives • Lecture: The Reformers and Their Groups • Watch videos about reformers • Study Table: Lutheranism / Arminianism / Calvinism • Practice Test 3 • Read Faculty Guide Lesson 3 • Read Ezekiel 1-4 • Write: Questions 1, 2, and 3 (red) • Write: Practice Quiz (blue)

3. Objectives from COS Modules: • Discuss how Luther and Zwingli disagreed on Communion, leading to different approaches, and compare your own denomination’s views to Luther and Zwingli • Describe the beginnings of Protestantism in Switzerland • Tell the story of Huldrych Zwingli • Note the influence of Zwingli and Bullinger on Wesleyan thought • Identify: Huldrych Zwingli, transubstantiation, Heinrich Bullinger • Identify: Thomas Muntzer, Peasants’ Revolt, Unitarianism, Anabaptism, Menno Simons, Conrad Grebel, Mennonites, pacifism • List several ways in which the Anabaptists differed from Lutherans and other Protestants • Compare and contrast the Wesleyan-Holiness position on issues of concern to Anabaptists, including infant baptism, the separation of church and state, and war • Identify: John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, Theodore Beza, Calvinism • Discipleship 1: John Wesley though you should have communion every day. Do you view Communion as important? Describe what Communion means to you. • Discipleship 2: You are a Nazarene pastor, and someone asks you to justify not drinking alcohol. What will you say? They ask you if you believe infant baptism - what will you say? • Leadership 1: When people disagreed with Calvin he had them put to death. When people disagreed with Luther he write bad things about them. When people disagreed with Zwingli he rode out against them for war. When people disagree with you, as a Nazarene leader, what do you do?

4. Tell the story of Huldrych Zwingli (Swiss) • 1523 He writes his 67 theses • No purgatory • Christ is the only high priest • no mass, processions, shrines, images of the saints, or relics • 1524 Marries and withdraws from Catholic Church • 1529 Meets with Luther to see if they can merge - they cannot and become enemies • Luther believes in consubstantiation • Zwingli is a Memorialist • (Catholic = transubstantiation) • Zwingli used the Old Testament more than Luther. • He thought you did not need to know Greek or Hebrew to make sense of the Bible for yourself. • Zwingli wanted a focus on God. He removes music / hymns / instruments, and had only readings. • Favored a state church, like Luther. • Swiss towns forced to adopt Protestantism, leads to war. • 1531 Zwingli killed in battle. • Heinrich Bullinger takes his place.

5. Discuss how Luther and Zwingli disagreed on Communion, leading to different approaches, and compare your own denomination’s views to Luther and Zwingli • Luther - Consubstantiation • Catholic Church - Transubstantiation • Zwingli/Bullinger - Memorialism • Nazarene? Find in Manual!

6. Describe the beginnings of Protestantism in Switzerland • Zwingli associates break off and form Anabaptists • Conrad Grebel (Anabaptist) • Separation of church and state • No infant baptism • The church is an assembly of volunteers • Pacifists (refused to fight or join armies) • (This led to their being seen as traitors and executed) • The New Testament contained everything necessary for practice as well as doctrine. Not everything the church had taught since New Testament times, including the ecumenical councils as well as the pronouncements of popes, was authoritative. In fact, they suspected such statements were human-centered and historically conditioned. Every theological position could and should be based on the Bible and on the Bible alone. • Zwingli and Luther disagree (1529) • War - Zwingli dies (1531) • Second Peace of Koppel - Protestant cities tried to force Protestantism on all cities • Bullinger takes over from Zwingli • Menno Simons rejects transubstantiation, became anabaptist (Mennonites). • Calvin • Beza takes over from Calvin • Bullinger and Beza merge and form the "Reformed Church"

7. Note the influence of Zwingli and Bullinger on Wesleyan thought • These two freed up space to think as a Protestant, and Protestantism spread widely. • However, their theology was not as influential on Wesley as Arminianism, Orthodox, and Anabaptists (through Moravians). • Anabaptists did come out of Zwingli's movement in Switzerland. ?

8. Thomas Muntzer • Thomas Müntzer (ca. 1489 – 27 May 1525) was an early Reformation-era German theologian, who became a rebel leader during the Peasants' War. He turned against Luther with several anti-Lutheran writings, and supported the Anabaptists. In the Battle of Frankenhausen, Müntzer and his followers were defeated. He was captured, tortured and decapitated.

9. Peasants’ Revolt • The German Peasants' War or Great Peasants' Revolt (German: Deutscher Bauernkrieg) was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe, 1524–1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers. The survivors were fined and achieved few if any of their goals.

10. Unitarianism • Christian Unitarianism is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines God as three persons coexisting consubstantially as one being.[1] • Thus, Unitarians contend that main-line Christianity does not adhere to strict monotheism as they do, maintaining that Jesus was a prophet, and in some sense the "son" of God, but not God himself.[2] • For most of its history, Unitarianism has been known for the rejection of several conventional Christian doctrines besides the Trinity,[3] including the soteriological doctrines of original sin and predestination,[4][5] and, in more recent times, biblical inerrancy.[6] • In J. Gordon Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions it is classified among "the 'liberal' family of churches".[7]

11. Anabaptism • Bible as the sole rule of faith and practice – the authority of the Scriptures • Freedom of religion – liberty of conscience • Separation of church and state • Pacifism or nonresistance • Separation or nonconformity to the world • Voluntary church membership and believer's baptism • Evangelistic zeal • Priesthood of all believers • The burning of a 16th-century Dutch Anabaptist Anneken Hendriks, who was charged by the Spanish Inquisition with heresy. Dirk Willems saves his pursuer in this etching from the 1685 edition of Martyrs Mirror.

12. Anabaptists Part 2 The Anabaptists were early promoters of a free church and freedom of religion (sometimes associated with separation of church and state).[e] When it was introduced by the Anabaptists in the 15th and 16th centuries, religious freedom independent of the state was unthinkable to both clerical and governmental leaders. Religious liberty was equated with anarchy

13. Mennonites The Mennonites are a Christian group based around the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496–1561). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders. The teachings of the Mennonites were founded on their belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus Christ, which they held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states. Rather than fight, the majority survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believer's baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the historic peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism (opposition to war and violence).

14. Pacifism • Not willing to fight

15. List several ways in which the Anabaptists differed from Lutherans and other Protestants • Pacifist • Denied value in infant baptism • Lost most of their leaders early on • Were more radical in their "early church" ideas

16. Compare and contrast the Wesleyan-Holiness position on issues of concern to Anabaptists, including infant baptism, the separation of church and state, and war • Infant baptism, Wesley was an Anglican, and thus allowed infant baptism. Interestingly, Nazarenes do not require confirmation, which Catholics and Lutherans do in order to confirm the baptism at an age when they would understand what they are doing. • The separation of church and state, being a denomination that originated in the United States, separation of church and state is valued in the Nazarene Church. Wesley himself was Anglican (state church) and remained so. History seems to show that state-supported denominations tend to treat others in a very non-Christian manner. However, a secular state seems to move towards oppressing all Christian expressions. Which one would you rather have? • War: Nazarenes are not pacifists. We believe that there is a time when you must stand up for what is right and true and Christian. Violence and war would be very low on the list of ways to react to evil, but it is not removed. Many would cite Hitler's early successes as a good reason to fight evil when it becomes necessary.

17. John Calvin • The Institutes of the Christian Religion: The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty. • It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism to which Calvin says he had been "strongly devoted" before his conversion to Protestantism. • The Institutes is a highly regarded secondary reference for the system of doctrine adopted by the Reformed churches, usually called Calvinism.

18. Theodore Beza, • (June 24, 1519 – October 13, 1605) was a French Protestant Christian theologian and scholar who played an important role in the Reformation. • A member of the monarchomaque movement who opposed absolute monarchy, • he was a disciple and successor of John Calvin and lived most of his life in Switzerland.

19. Calvinism • Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. • Calvinists broke with the Roman Catholic church but differed with Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Lord's supper, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things.

20. Calvinism Part 2 • Calvin considered Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King. The Son, the second person of the Trinity, remained in heaven, Calvin taught, while Christ was still on earth. • Most of those among the “elect” manifested their election by good works, but God saves others simply to display His glory. Because God had chosen them, not by their own merit, but out of His sheer grace, they could not fall away or lose His saving grace. The Church was made up of the elect. • Because Calvin’s followers considered themselves the elect, “visible saints,” they worked to control moral behavior within societies. The church itself was given the responsibility for implementing • discipline on moral issues. Calvin believed the state had a role to play in controlling evil, insofar as it was possible. There should be one state church.

21. Calvinism Part 3 • Calvinism can be a misleading term because the religious tradition it denotes is and has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder. • The movement was first called "Calvinism" by Lutherans who opposed it, and many within the tradition would prefer to use the word Reformed.[3][4] • Since the Arminian controversy, the Reformed (as a branch of Protestantism distinguished from Lutheranism) are divided into Arminians and Calvinists, however it is now rare to call Arminians Reformed, as many see these two schools of thought as opposed, making the terms Calvinist and Reformed synonymous.[5][6]

22. Calvinism Part 4 • While the Reformed theological tradition addresses all of the traditional topics of Christian theology, the word Calvinism is sometimes used to refer to particular Calvinist views on soteriology and predestination, which are summarized in part by the five points of Calvinism (see lesson 1 - tulip). Some have also argued that Calvinism as a whole stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things – in salvation but also in all of life. • Early influential Reformed theologians include John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, Theodor Beza, and John Knox. In the twentieth century, Abraham Kuyper, Herman Bavinck, B. B. Warfield, Karl Barth, and Cornelius Van Til were influential, while contemporary Reformed theologians include J. I. Packer, R. C. Sproul, David F. Wells, and Michael Horton.

23. Homework • Discipleship 1: John Wesley thought you should have communion every day. Do you view Communion as important? Describe what Communion means to you. • Discipleship 2: You are a Nazarene pastor, and someone asks you to justify not drinking alcohol. What will you say? They ask you if you believe infant baptism - what will you say? • Leadership 1: When some people disagreed with Calvin he had them put to death. When people disagreed with Luther he write bad things about them. When people disagreed with Zwingli he rode out against them for war. When people disagree with you, as a Nazarene leader, what do you do?

24. Quiz