The Pleistocene- Vertebrate Fossils from Mississippi Gravel Bars Dr. Nina L. Baghai-Riding

1. The Pleistocene- Vertebrate Fossils from Mississippi Gravel Bars Dr. Nina L. Baghai-Riding

2. The Pleistocene Epoch lasted from about 1.65 million until 10,000 years ago. • Much of northern North America was covered by a large ice sheet. • Continental glaciers extended in Illinois and northern Missouri

3. More than 18 million square kilometers of ice covered North America • The center of the ice sheet was about 3 km (almost 2 miles) thick. Extent of ice sheets during the coolest glacial period, Cutchins and Johnston, 2000).

4. Sea-levels were much lower • Great Lakes and Finger Lakes were formed. • In the southeastern United States there were pine-hardwood forest similar to that of the modern Great Lakes as well as oak forests, prairies, and swamps.

5. Compare the various vegetational zones 18.000 years ago to the present

6. The world of the ice ages is much more familiar to us than any other geological time – Pleistocene epoch en.wikipedia.org

7. Most spectacular components of the Pleistocene are large animal bones of mammals. • Age of the Cavemen, mammoths, and saber-toothed cats.

8. Mammoths were the dominate fauna of the Irvingtonian. • They grazed on grasslands and steppes in the Arctic (Prothero, 2006). • They had huge grinding molars that could crush almost any vegetation. • Their molars look like a shoe with deep treads.

9. Mammoths came across the Bering land bridge from Eurasia to North America at 1.9 Ma\ • Three different species: Columbian Mammoth, Woolly Mammoth, and Jefferson’s Mammoth Bering Land Bridge in orange connected Alaska to Siberia. This area is currently under water.

10. Mammoth localities - common in areas that were covered by savannas, grasslands, or tundra during the last Ice Age. http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/mammuthus.html

11. About 50% of the new genera immigrated from South America and 27% from Asia during the Irvingtonian-- Great Animal Interchange (Cutchins and Johnston 2000).

12. Other mammals that first appeared ~ 1.9 ma 1. Sabertoothed cat (Smilodon) 2. hares (Lepus) 3. jaguars 4. shrub oxen (Euceratherium) 119 genera of Irvingtonian mammals (Savage and Russell, 1983). North America was known for the American mastodons (Mammut americanum)

13. Mastodon molar from Danny West collection - note its simple molar with conical rounded cusps. • Forest animals

14. American mastodon was about 3 meters (10 feet) at the shoulder, with slightly curved tusks, • One tusk usually was longer than the other indicating feeding and behavioral preferences. • Tusks were used to pry on bark and branches and broke them into pieces. • Preferred spruce forests http://www.enchgallery.com/2dmurals/mural%20images/mastodon%20mural.jpg

15. Other important large herbivores: • Equus - One-toed horses • Tapirs – found in forested parts of the landscape • Mylohyus - Long nosed peccary • Platygonus – flat skulled peccary • Seven species of camels and llamas including Palaeolama • Variety of deer and elk • Pronghorns • Musk oxen - Soergilia

16. Preying on the herbivores were: • Hyena • Ursus - Black bear • Arctodus – huge short-faced bear – the top predator in North America and the largest carnivore that ever lived. • Smilodon – sabertoothed cat • Canis dirus - Dire wolf - heavily built, short-limbed predator

17. Other animals during the Ice Age • Lepus – hares • Bats • Squirrels • Beavers – including the giant beaver Castoroides ohioensis – about 2.5 m long and weighed almost the size of a bear. • Moles, hamsters, porcupines

18. Rancholabrean – 300,000 – 10,000 years ago marks the climax of the Ice Age Mammal assemblage in North America. • Bison – came in during this time from Eurasia • Bison latifrons - huge bison that had horns that spanned 2 m in width. • Other Eurasian immigrants came in including the musk oxen, moose, reindeer, new rodents.

19. Numerous large mammals occurred in the Midwestern United States below the ice sheet Date between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago (the last Ice Age). Most of these animals no longer live in the United States and are extinct. Sites older than 40,000 years old are less common than younger sites.

21. Giant tortoises andstrange glyptodonts the size of a car occurred in the underbrush. Glyptodont – from Fossil Treasures of Florida-com

22. Giant ground sloths 4.5 m (15 ft) tall reaching for leaves to eat. Weighed close to 5,000 lbs (2,267 kg). • Four species inhabited the United States. • They spent all of their time on the ground • The shape of their hip bones indicates that they could stand up on their hind legs. This would allow them to reach high up into trees for the best leaves and twigs.

23. Ground sloth had blunt teeth (Specimen from Danny West collection). Huge claws and powerful arms were used to break and bend branches

24. The Lower Mississippi River region served as an important ecological resource for many land-dwelling and freshwater animals. Grassland habitats and forests prevailed - dominant presence of large grazing animals (bison, mammoth, horse, and stag moose). Tapirs (cow-sized) could swim, wallow in mud, and hide in dense vegetation.

25. Giant Ice Age Beaver • Probably an excellent swimmer • Huge version of the modern-day beaver. • 8 ft or 2.4 m long from its nose to the tip of its tail • Its teeth possibly were used to uproot water plants instead of cutting down trees. • Probably did not build dams

26. The Lonnie Looper Ice Age fossil vertebrate collection is being acquired by Delta State University. • This collection contains 545 well-preserved cranial and post-cranial elements of various land grazers, browsers, carnivores, and estuarine animals that inhabited the Lower Mississippi River Delta. • 18 different semi-permanent gravel bars (collecting sites) bordering woodlands along the Mississippi River throughout northwestern Mississippi and southeastern Arkansas.

28. The collection was obtained over a 5-year period (1990-1995). • Specimens are all well- preserved and documented as to site and location (river mile markers and longitude and latitude). • Productive localities are Catfish Point, Henrico Dikes, and Montgomery Island in Desha Co., AR, and Rosedale Gravel Bar, Bolivar Co, MS.

29. Each specimen has a collector number and date of collection. • There is no other collection that so adequately represents the late Pleistocene life from this region. • Some specimens represent rare documentations of the existence of various mammals in North America.

32. Specimens appear not to have moved far from their source. • Limb and toe bones • Jaws and Teeth (incisors, canines, molars) • Vertebrae, Horn Cores

33. List of taxa contained in the “Looper Collection” Fish • unidentified species Reptiles • Caudochelys crassiscutata – Giant Land Tortoise • Turtles – fluvial species Birds • unidentified species Mammals • Arctodus simus – Great Short Faced Bear • Bison sp. – Ancient Bison • Bootherium bombiforns – Musk Ox • Castor canadensis – modern beaver • Castoroides ohioensis – Giant Ice Age Beaver

34. Cervaices scotti – Stag Moose • Euarctos americanus – American Black Bear • Equus complicates – Fossil Horse • Equus sp. • Mammut americanum – American Mastodon • Mammuthus primigenius – Mammoth • Megalonyx jeffersonii – Giant Ground Sloth • Odocoileus virginianus – Whitetail Deer • Paleolama mirifica – Llama • Platugonus compressus – Flat Headed Peccary • Tapirus haysii – Tapir • Tapirus veroensis • Trichechus manatus – Manatee • unidentified large and small carnivores

35. Vertebrate elements in the collection • Herbivores are dominant and carnivores are rare • Dominant herbivores: • Fossil bison (129) • Whitetail Deer (126) • Fossil Horse (115) • American Mastodon (32) • Giant Ground Sloth (23) • About half of the horse elements are teeth. • No isolated teeth are known from the whitetail deer. • Only about a dozen bison teeth

40. Stag moose – the name implies that it is cross between an elk and a moose. Actually it was a large deer. http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/cervalces.html • Complex palmate antlers • Similar lifestyle to a modern moose • Preferred mires and other wetlands environments such as spruce parklands

42. Bootherium bombifrons - Woodland Musk Ox (note red dots on the map as to where specimens have been found). • Lived in woodlands and plains

43. Carnivores/ predators • Great Short-faced bear (1) • Dire wolf (1) • American Black Bear (1) Dire wolf - Had a larger head and bigger teeth than any past or present member of the wolf family - Hunted in packs - A crushed skull was found on the Rosedale Gravel Bar.

44. Great Short-faced bear - Regarded as the most powerful predator in North America during the Pleistocene. - Stood 8-10 ft (2.4 – 3 m) tall on its hind legs. - Canine teeth were suited for puncturing tough hide - Large, jagged molars were exceptional for gnawing, tearing, and slicing meat.

45. A lower jaw was found on ‘The Bar’ in Desha Country, Arkansas.

46. Range of Great short-faced (http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/arctodus.html) The Great short-faced bear was believed to become 13,400 years ago as the result of competition with invading brown bears (including the grizzly bear) that are also predatory in nature.

47. Manatee – Unusual find • The manatee is believed to have migrated up the • Mississippi River. • This is the second reported occurrence of manatee from the interior of North America during the Pleistocene (the other occurrence is from the Ohio River drainage basin in Ohio) .

48. A right radius-ulna of a manatee was found on the Ludlow Bar, Phillips Co., AR near Rena Lara, MS. • Length of the ulna is 139 mm; the radius is 114 mm.

49. Reasons for this diverse assemblage: • During the Late Pleistocene there was a wide land bridge between North and South America and between Asia with North America. These land bridges existed for thousands of years. • Tapirs, llamas and dire wolves that once lived along riverbanks in North America moved to Central and South America by the end of the Pleistocene. • Horses migrated to regions of Asia seeking better grazing lands. Grasslands in North America were being replaced by forests or deserts by the end of the Pleistocene. • Why the demise of these large animals • Habitats disappeared – changes in food source • Human hunting • Infectious disease

50. Why was gigantism so widespread among Pleistocene mammals? • Large body size is beneficial in cold harsh climates - good at conserving body heat • Several species of mammoth were larger than any modern elephant • The giant ground sloth was 21 feet long • Huge camels had necks as long as giraffes • American lion was 11 feet long – larger than any living lion today. • Our world today is depleted of large mammals although they were abundant during most of the last 50 million years.