US History Unit 2

1. US History Unit 2 The Civil War and its Aftermath

2. Increased Sectionalism

3. New Land up for Debate • With the Mexican American war the United States added more than 500,000 square miles of land. • Caused a bitter debate over slavery • The Missouri compromise had set the future rules for slavery in 1820 • Didn’t cover out west • Many people argued for Popular Sovereignty to rule • The people of the state/territory decide

4. Wilmot Proviso • Northerners wanted to outlaw slavery in all parts of the land gained from Mexico • Representative David Wilmot created a document stating that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of the territory.” • Wilmot Proviso passed in the north controlled house • South controlled the Senate so the Proviso failed. • Proviso Created More sectionalism in the US • Political parties divided, abolitionist northerners created the Free Soil Party.

5. California? • Because of the Gold Rush California applied for statehood in Just 2 years. • Should it be free or slave? • It was a free area when it began under Mexico • Many miners were from the North • California as a free state would upset the balance • “we are about permanently to destroy the balance of power between the sections.” • Jefferson Davis, Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi

6. Compromise of 1850 • Enter….. Henry Clay to Save the Day with Another compromise • California would enter the Union as a free state • Rest of Mexico land would be decided by popular sovereignty • Texas would give up claim to disputed land on Rio Grande. In return, the government would pay Texas’s debts it earned gaining independence • The slave trade- but not slavery- would end in Washington DC • A more effective fugitive slave law would be passed

7. Criticism to the Compromise • Many didn’t agree with the compromise, particularly dealing with California • Many Northerners wanted it as a free state without compromise • Many southerners, including John C Calhoun of South Carolina that even the compromise would ruin the balance and states should be allowed to Secede from the Union • Formally Withdraw.

8. Passed • The Compromise of 1850 passed • California became free state • Utah territory and New Mexico Territory allowed to choose • Texas gave up land, and got its debt paid • Slavery ended in DC • And a New Fugitive Slave law was passed

9. New Fugitive Slave Law • Made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest those slaves in free areas • Unfair to African Americans • Slave holders could use testimony of witnesses but African Americans, free or slave, could not testify. • Assisting a slave is 6 months in jail and $1000 fine • Judges who allowed slave to stay free was paid $5, judges who returned a slave to the south was paid $10

10. Reaction to New Laws • Enforcement started right away, with a freed African American who had lived in New York for 3 years was arrested and sent to the south • In 10 years 343 cases were tried, only 11 people were allowed to stay free. • Northerners hated the new laws and really hated that free African Americans had been sent south against their will • Many northerners joined the abolitionist movement because of it.

11. Bleeding Kansas

12. Election of 1852 • Country is divided and the political parties are too. • The Two main parties choose their candidates based on who will get the most votes based on their stance on slavery • A new party was created by abolitionists called the free soil party. • Democrats choose Franklin Pierce, a little known politician from New Hampshire. • He promised to keep the compromise of 1850, therefore northerners and southerners would cast a vote his way • Whigs, skipped over current president Millard Fillmore and chose Winfield Scott, a Mexican American war hero, but he didn’t support the compromise • Peirce won by a large margin, and tried to keep the country from splitting more over slavery.

13. The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas was a congressman, who wanted to build a trans-continental railroad • In order to do that the land gained in the Louisiana purchase would need to be organized into a firm territory, eventually becoming free states. • Southerners didn’t want this so they proposed a southern route. • From New Orleans to Southern California • Douglass needed support of the southerners so he asked them to change, they asked him to open land west of Missouri to slavery.

14. Two Territories • In Jan 1854 Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Would divide up the rest of the Louisiana purchase into two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and allow popular sovereignty to decide slave of free. • Eliminating the Missouri Compromise guidelines • Northerners protested the act • Didn’t want slavery in that area • With southern support the law passed, but the railroad was forgotten for almost 10 years

15. Kansas Divided • The state was split between Abolitionists and Slaveholders • More slaveholders moved in and shifted the new territory government pro slavery. • Made laws that no-one can question a slaveholders authority and slaves can be punished with death • In protest the abolitionists set up their own government but it was not recognized by the national government

16. Two Fighting Governments • In April of 1856 a congressional committee arrived to decide which government should be the leaders of Kansas • Recognized the election was unfair, the proslavery government was deemed legitimate • Violence would break out shortly afterwards • May 1856 – pro slavery jury charged members of the anti-slavery government with treason • Tried to arrest them in the city of Lawrence but they fled • Took anger out on the city of Lawrence, basically burning it to the ground • One man died in what became known as the Sack of Lawrence

17. John Brown • Abolitionist John Brown was from New England • Had sons who lived in Kansas, and was angry at the attack • Fight fire with fire • May 24 1856 on Pottawatomie Creek • Got some men and killed 5 Pro-Slavery men in Kansas • Known as the Pottawatomie Massacre • His men escaped capture but the actions started a small war in Kansas • 200 people would be killed in what would be called “Bleeding Kansas” • In Sept 1856 a new governor would be sent to restore order in Kansas

18. Congress reaction • When hearing about the Sack of Lawrence, senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts publicly criticized the pro slavery people in Kansas and insulted Andrew Pickens Butler of South Carolina • Representative, Preston Brooks, a relative of Butler responded to the criticism • Walked into the senate chambers and beat Sumner with his cane until he was unconscious. • Southerners supported brooks, sending him new canes in the mail. • Brooks was fined $300 dollars by the federal court • Got the nickname “Bully Brooks” • Took Sumner 3 years to return to health and return to congress.

19. Political Division

20. New Party Grows • As the Kansas Nebraska act tore apart the new territory it also tore apart the political parties of the US • Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, and Abolitionists were divided. • Some joined together in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a political Party United against the spread of slavery in the West.

21. Election of 1856 • Because of all the divisions happening between the parties and the division over slavery the election of 1856 was up in the air • Whig party collapsed, Democrats split, Know-Nothing party split. • Democrats had to choose someone who didn’t support Kansas and Nebraska Act – picked James Buchanan • Republicans chose John C Fremont – the explorer who opposed slavery • New Republican party didn’t have the support outside northern states • Buchanan won 14 of the 15 slave states and won the election • Fremont won 11 of 16 free states, proving the republican party had support. Winner!

22. More Sectionalism • Just two days after the Buchanan became president the supreme court made a decision that would further the division on slavery • Dred Scott Decision • Slave of Dr John Emerson, a surgeon from Missouri • In the 1830 Emerson took Scott on duty to Illinois and Wisconsin (free states) • When Emerson returned he died and Scott became the slave of his widow. • In 1846 Scott sued for his freedom in Missouri arguing he had become free when he lived in free territory. • Lower court ruled in his favor, the Missouri supreme court overturned the ruling, it would go to the US Supreme Court.

23. Dred Scott Decision • The Supreme Court Justices- majority of them from the south made a ruling in 1857. • Three Key Issues in the Case • Is Scott a Citizen and allowed to sue • Did his time in free territory make him free • Is it constitutional to prohibit slavery in the parts of the Louisiana Purchase • The Chief Justice was Roger B. Taney, from a slave holding family.

24. Ruling • 1st- Ruled that the nations founders believed that African Americans “had no rights which a white man was bound to respect” • Dredscott didn’t have the right to sue • 2nd- Living on free soil doesn’t make him free, and because he returned to Missouri, his status is based on the laws of Missouri • 3rd- Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, “life liberty and property is a right” and slaves are property. • Southerners supported the decision • Northerners were stunned, by making the ruling they said it was unconstitutional for congress to Ban Slavery in federal territory • A Young Lawyer from Illinois warned that another decision could come to prohibit banning slavery in all states. • Abraham Lincoln

25. Lincoln Douglass Debates • In 1858 the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln for the US Senate for Illinois • Ran Against Stephen Douglass • Lincoln Challenged Douglass to a Series of Debates that would set Lincoln up for the National Spotlight • Central Issue in all these Debates was Slavery

26. The Lincoln Douglass Debates • African Americans were entitled to all the natural rights • Did believe they were not the political and social equals of whites • “A House Divided Cannot Stand” • Criticized Lincoln for saying that the Nation could not remain half slave and half free • Republicans want every state free • The territory has the rights to vote for slavery or not and the police will support it – Freeport Doctrine Even though he lost Lincoln shined and became an important leader in the republican Party Winner!! Abraham Lincoln - Republican Stephen Douglass - Democrat

27. The Nation Divides

28. Return of John Brown • In 1858 John Brown returned with a mission to start an uprising. • Planned to attack a federal arsenal in Virginia and seize the weapons held there. • He was going to arm the slaves with the weapons he got there. • Planned to kill or take hostage any white southerner who tried to stop him • Tried to raise an army of abolitionists to Join him • After 2 years browns army had only about 20 men.

29. Harpers Ferry • On October 16, 1859 John Brown started a Raid when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry Virginia. • Hoped to start a slave Rebellion • Sent several of his men into the countryside to get slaves to join him • None came because they feared the punishment if they took part. • Instead local white southerners attacked Brown. • Eight of his men and three local me were killed • Brown and his men retreated to a local firehouse

30. John Browns Stand • Federal Troops arrived in Harpers Ferry the next night. • Colonel Robert E Lee Ordered a squad of marines to storm the firehouse • Marines killed two more of Browns Men and captured the rest- including Brown. • Brown was convicted of Treason, Murder, and Conspiracy • Some of his men received the death penalty, and convinced that he would receive the death penalty brown delivered a memorable speech

31. Last Speech • “Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood… with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done.” • John Brown • As expected, the judge ordered Brown to be Hanged. One month later brown was hanged on December 2, 1859

32. Reaction to Brown’s Raid • Northerners mourned John Brown’s death, but criticized the way he went about getting his point across. • Lincoln said Brown “agreed with us in thinking slavery wrong… That Cannot excuse violence, bloodshed and treason.” • Southerners feared a John Brown the Second. • Became convinced that safety in slavery was only achieved outside the Union.