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IP Addressing: Overview, Classes, and IPv6

Learn about IP addressing, including IPv4 and IPv6, address classes, network identifiers, host identifiers, IP address assignments, reserved addresses, and the use of Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (APIPA).

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IP Addressing: Overview, Classes, and IPv6

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  1. Chapter Overview • IP (v4) Address • IPv6

  2. IPv4 Addresses • Internet Protocol (IP) is the only network layer protocol with its own addressing system and is design for a host on one network to communicate with another host on a different network, regardless the type of LAN • IP addresses are 32 bits long and have two parts: a network identifier and a host identifier. • IP addresses are assigned to network interface adapters, not to computers. • The Source IP Address field in the IP header always identifies the computer that generated the packet. • The Destination IP Address field in the IP header always identifies the packet’s final destination.

  3. ipconfig

  4. IP Address Assignments • Every network interface adapter on a network must have • The same network identifier as the others on the network • A unique host identifier • The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns network identifiers, but you typically obtain network addresses from an Internet service provider (ISP). • Network administrators, or DHCP, assign host identifiers.

  5. Dotted decimal • For example, • 124.241.144.2 • This is not one • 1.1.1.256 • The binary and hexadecimal are not common to say the least

  6. IP Address Classes

  7. IP Address Class First Bit/Byte Values Class D (224-239) and E (240-255)

  8. IP Address Class Network and Host Bits

  9. Private Network Addresses

  10. IP Addressing Rules • All the bits in the network identifier cannot be set to zeros. • All the bits in the network identifier cannot be set to ones. • All the bits in the host identifier cannot be set to zeros. • All the bits in the host identifier cannot be set to ones.

  11. Reserved IP addresses

  12. Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (APIPA) • a common alternative to the use of DHCP to request and retrieve an IP address for a host. • simplifies the assignment of IP address and subnet-mask configuration information to hosts in small networks. • When APIPA is used, the OS allows the assignment of a unique IP address to each station on a small LAN to avoids the administrative overhead of running a DHCP server or manually setting IP configuration information.

  13. Different types of broadcasts • Layer 2 broadcast -- all nodes on a LAN • Broadcast (Layer 3) – to all hosts on the network • Unicast – a node sends a message to 255.255.255.255 with port number 67 (BootP server), router knows it is for DHCP asking for an IP address, so forward to DHCP server • Multicast – one host to several hosts, forwarded by router

  14. IPv6 Addressing • Expands IP address space from 32 to 128 bits • Designed to prevent the depletion of IP addresses and address-exhaustion crisis of IPv4, later modified to add features for flexibility, efficiency, capability, mobility, etc • Uses XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX notation, each X is a pair of hexadecimals

  15. IPv6 Addressing (2) • Global routing prefix – used by router for the network • A subset of a network • A host address

  16. IPv6 Addressing (3) • You can only replace one contiguous block of zeros in an address

  17. IPv6 Address Types • Unicast – very much the same as IPv4 unicast • Global unicast – unicast, start with 001 • Link-local address -- private, not to be routed (FE80:: addresses) for point to point, not forwarded • Unique local address -- FC00::/ • Multicast – to all • Anycast -- to one

  18. Special address • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 == :: same as 0.0.0.0 in IPv4 not for communication • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 == ::1 same as 127.0.0.1 for loopback • 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.100.1 mixing IPv4 with IPv6 • 200::/3 global unicast address range • FC00::/7 unique local unicast range • EF80::/10 link-local unicast range • FF00::/8 The multicast range • 3FFF:FFFF::/32 and 2001:0DB8::/32 for examples and document • 2002::/16 for 6 to 4

  19. 2002::/16 for 6 to 4 • For any 32-bit global IPv4 address, a 48-bit 6to4 IPv6 prefix can be constructed for use by that host (and if applicable the network behind it) by prepending 2002 (hex) to the IPv4 address. • For example, for192.0.2.42, the corresponding 6to4 prefix would be 2002:c000:022a::/48. • This gives a prefix length of 48 bits, which leaves room for a 16-bit subnet field and a 64 bit host address within the subnet.

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