Unit 2 Timeline

1. Unit 2 Timeline 600-1450

2. WARNING!! • All slides prepared by high school students • Ms. Oliver does not vouch for the accuracy of these slides- when in doubt, research. • If you choose to print these, do so as handouts with six or more slides per page!

3. Establishment of Ethiopia • 3000 BCE • Began with the city of Aksum and resisted Muslim control • Became major participant in the gold salt trade

4. Origins of the Olmec • Date: 1200BCE • Description: The first known Mesoamerican civilization located in southern Mexico. • Significance: The Olmec used a trade network which spread their culture to neighboring areas. They also were the major influence for all the Mesoamerican civilizations following the Olmec.

5. Schism of Bhuddism • 500 BC • The difference between the maheyandscholors and other traditional scholars eventually led to the spread of buddhism • Signifance: Was an important part of the spread of Buddhism and helped allow it to become a world religion

6. Orgins of Buddhism - • 460 BC • The founder of buddhism was siddharthagautama. At the age of 29m saw a sick man, old man, and a corpse. After the birth of his son he left the palace seeking enlightment. He reached his good by fasting, and meditiation, under a fig tree for 50 days . Origin- foot hills of his Himalayas in Nepal • Significance- created an idea of world peace and was adapted to become a world wide religion.

7. Expansion of silk road trade • Date:206 B.C.E. • Description: As demand for silk rose so did trade. China expanded the silk roads throughout most of Asia, through India and all the way to Rome. • Significance: One of the biggest trade routes established, this led to cultural diffusion among societies.

8. End of the Mauryan empire • 185 BCE • The Mauryans were defeated by the Kushites • Ended the Mauryan empire

9. Resurrection of the civil service exams • Date: 165 B.C.E. • Description: The civil service examinations were established to give to candidates as a test for to receive a position in the bureaucracy. • Significance: This would eventually become standard practice in China and would be used until 1912.

10. Chinese conquest of vietnam 111 BC The han dynasty conquers Vietnam and remained under chinese control for more than a millennium. The qin dynasty sought to expand to vietnam but the han dynasty actually took over vietnam by that time. Significance: Chinas fail attempts at assimilating vietnam, enabled for vietnam to grow independece and cultural identity.

11. Bantu Migration • Date: first few centuries A.D. • The Bantu people were farmers and nomadic herders • Significance- Developed and passed along the skill of ironworking. They shared their culture with the people they met.

12. Building of Teotihuacan • Date: 1st Century CE • Definition: The first major city-state in central Mexico and was one of the largest in the world during the first century. • Significance: It was the center of a thriving trade network that extended far into Central America which allowed them to expand as well.

13. Buddhism’s arrival in China • Date: 100-200 CE • Description: Arrived in China by missionaries and merchants traveling the Silk Road • Significance: Even during the decline of the Han Dynasty Buddhism was still growing in popularity in China, and competed with other religions.

14. Kushan kingdom’s development • 127 AD • A diverse nation that expanded quickly • Was the first Kushan empire

15. Chinese conquest of Korea and Japan • Date: Third Century CE • Description: When China spread out to conquer Japan and Korea, they significantly spread their culture and religion. • Significance: Korea adopted many Chinese cultures, and parts of their religion, along with Japan.

16. Fall of Han Empire • Date: 220 C.E. • Description: The fall of the Han dynasty was caused by invading nomadic people of the north. • Significance: The non Chinese nomads ruled China and blocked out Buddhism and Confucianism

17. Origins of the Maya • Date: 250AD • Definition: They were a civilization that was located in southern Mexico to northern Central America. • Significance: The Mayans took Olmec culture and blended it with their own customs.

18. Rise of the Gupta empire • 320 CE • The empire which was marked as the golden age of India • started scientific endeavors

19. Conquest of Kush by Axum • Date: 350 A.D. • Description- Moved capital to Meroe after being defeated by the Assyrians in 671 B.C.E. Kush thrived in Meroe for approximately four centuries until its decline began in 150 A.D. When Axum began to control North African trade by a sea port along the Red Sea, Axum officially defeated Meroe in 350 A.D. • Significance- After Axum conquered, it lead to them being a dominant city in North African trade.

20. CLOVIS’ CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY • Date: 496 CE • Description: in 496 Clovis lead his warriors into battle against another Germanic army. Fearing defeat Clovis appealed to the Christian God and he was victorious. • Significance: with the help of the church in Rome who supported Clovis, by 511, Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom. The alliance between Clovis and the Roman church mraked the beginning of a special partnership between two powerful forces.

21. Development of sikhism • Established in 6th century India • Founded by Guru Nanak, who experienced a conversion and was required to spread a message of unity and love. One of his principles was to eliminated things like ceremonies, and rituals. They wrote their own scripts based on their interpretations of ideas and beliefs. They were similar to Hinduism and Islam but had their own views on some beliefs. • Significant: Sikhism was almost a combination of Hinduism and Moslem theology, they were able to become a world religion. They had many beliefs that were similar to Hinduism and Islam but they also had their own separate beliefs. In Hinduism they believed in ritualism and the degration of women where as in Sikhism they disagreed.

22. RISE OF MONASTICISM • Date: 520 CE • Description: a religious communtiy of men (called monks) who have given up their possesions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship. • Significance: monastaries became centers of learning wherever they were located and they provided schools for the young, hospitality for travelers, and hospitals for the sick. The monks were important in spreading Christianity to the entire European world.

23. Reign of Justinian • Date: 527-565 • Description Reestablished the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean world and codified the Roman Law • Significance Created the Corpus Iuris Civilis ( the Body of Civil Law) which served as the basis of Imperial Law in the Eastern Roman Empire until 1453; became the basis of legal systems in all of continental Europe

24. Muslim arrival in India • 7-8th century • Arab ships were attaced by indian pirates. When a muslim ruler in Irap asked for an apology, he was denied and he attaked and conquered lower Sind in 711 • Signifance: Muslim culture would soon become a world religion and convert India to islam for a period of time

25. Arab Expansion • Date: 600 • Description: Trade routes connected Arabia to major sea trade routes to the extreme south of Arabian peninsula • Significance: These trade routes carried ideas as long with goods to major religious cites with Mecca being the focal point of this cultural diffusion

26. Japan’s 17-Article Constitution • Date: 604 CE • Description: Doctrine that reflects Chinese influence on its influence on social harmony, and there is a strong focus on obedience and hierarchy. The constitution was put into practice during the reign of Prince Shotoku. • Significance: Brought social harmony to Japan during ShotokuTaishi.

27. Muhammad’s Revelation • Date: 610CE • Definition: Muhammad was meditating when the angel Gabriel spoke to him and told him he was a messenger of Allah. • Significance: This revelation was the basis for the Islamic religion and caused many people to worship Muhammad because they believed he was the last prophet of Allah.

28. The Hegira (Hijrah) • Date: 622 • Description: The Meccans failed to except Muhammad's message so him and his closest supporters migrated north to Yathrib later renamed Medina • Significance: Shift in central Islamic culture north to the city of Medina where it could be more easily accepted

29. Muhammad’s conquest of Mecca • Date: 630 • Description: Muhammad and 10,000 followers march to the outskirts of Mecca to face off against Meccan leaders but the Meccans surrendered before they battled and Muhammad took over Mecca under Islam • Significance: This created Umma Muslim religious community and Muhammad destroyed the Ka’abaidols of the Meccans

30. Arab takeover of the Nile valley • 641 CE • Arabs seized the Nile valley from Byzantine control • Ended Byzantine control in Egypt and started the spread Islam in north Africa

31. Taiki reforms • Date: mid-seventh century • Description: The Taiki reforms were based on Confucian ideas. They worked to abolish private ownership and to establish a Feudal system. • Significance: These reforms gave more power to the Emperor than before. He now had absolute power and owned land.

32. Founding of the Sui Dynasty • Date: 581 C.E. • Description: An aristocrat from a respected family, named Yang Jian, found a new dynasty called the Sui dynasty. The dynasty ruled China using the ideas of Daoism. • Significance: They reunited China under one government and changed the government to the ideas of Daoism.

33. Building of the Grand Canal • Date: Started during the Reign of Yang Jian(581-618) • Description: A 1,400 canal that linked the two main rivers of China, the Yellow and Yangtz rivers • Significance: The connection of the two rivers allowed for faster trade and communication, making it able to go my ship instead of sea because they could go to the other river.

34. Overthrow of the Sui by the Tang • Date: 618 • Description: The Sui ruler Sui Yangdi was a very tyrannic ruler who showed little mercy. He was eventually murdered after returning on a campaign against Korea. • Significance: One of his generals took advantage of this and stepped up to start a new dynasty which lasted approximately 300 years.

35. Adoption of the “equal field system” • Date: 618 • Description: The equal field system was a law put out by the Chinese government giving peasants land, trying to level out the economy and create less of a difference between the social classes. • Significance: In the end it led to the rise of population because the equal field system created a period of economic stability and increase in agricultural production.

36. Death of Muhammad • Date: 632 • Description: When he died the Muslims wanted to spread the word of Allah and had a duty to carry out the word • Significance: Muhammad had not named a successor or instructed his followers of how to choose one

37. Battle of Yarmuk • Date: 636 • Description: The battle lasted six days, and it ended with the Muslims committing mass murderto the Byzantine Empire under Vahan • Significance: It was a major defeat for the Byzantine Empire and caused the Islamic military to have many more conquests across the region

38. Creation of the Umayyad Dynasty • Date: 661 • Description: They took over the Muslim Empire and set up a Hereditary of system of succession and their Muslim capital of Damascus • Significance: Caliphs would no longer made and the Umayyad surrendered themselves with wealth and the leadership issue gave rise to a fundamental division in the Muslim community

39. Assassination of (caliph) Muhammad Ali • Date: 661 • Description: He was challenged by the governor of Assyria, then he was assassinated by him • Significance: The elective system of choosing a caliph that died with him

40. Muslim Assault on Constantinople • Date: 674 and 717 • Description: The rise of Islam on Arab armies attacked the city • Significance: It left Constantinople weak and open to invasion

41. Hussein’s revolt against the Umayyad • Date: 680 • Description: Caliph Ali’s second son Hussein disputed the legitimacy of the Umayyad and their supporters • Significance: This created the split in Islamic society creating the Shi’ite which Hussein controlled and the sunnite under Umayyad rule

42. Development of paper/woodblock Printing • Date: 700’s CE for block printing, 105 CE for paper • Description: A woodblock was a single piece of wood into which was carved something that someone wanted to ink and put on paper; paper was wood pulp mashed together and dried out, easy to write on • Significance: Helped literacy/economy a little bit by making it easier to produce books and keep records

43. Spread of Islam to North Africa • 700 CE • Started with the seize of Egypt and made Africa a Muslim nation • It spread Islam

44. Nara Period • Date: 710-784 CE • Description: Started at the new capital of Nara, which was ruled by the Yamato ruler, who took the title “son of Heaven”, was chosen within the imperial house. • Significance: Little was accomplished during the Nara period, which led to the Heian Period. Ruler was chosen similar to mandate of Heaven.

45. Battle of Tours • Date: 732 • Description: This battle was fought between the Franks, led by Charles Martel, and the invading Islamic Army. It took place near the city of Tours, France. The franks defeated the Islamic Army and killed their leader • Significance: this battle stopped the northward advance of Islam from the Iberian peninsula into Europe and is credited with persevering Christianity as the main religion of Europe

46. Establishment of the Abbasid Dynasty • Date: 750 A.D. • Description- Located in former Persian lands such as Iraq, Iran and central Asia. • Significance- Created the city of Baghdad which was the center for trade routes. The Abbasids also created a bureaucracy.

47. Building of Baghdad • Date: 762 A.D. • Description- Built by the Abbasid dynasty as their capital • Significance- It was the center of trade routes giving the Caliph an access to trade good, gold and information about other areas of the empire.

48. Rule of Harun al-Rashid • Date: Ruled from 786- 209 A.D. • Description- The ruler of the Abbasids. • Significance- His reign was described as the Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate.

49. Heian Period • Date: 794-1185 CE • Description: The imperial court of Japan was moved from Nara to Heian along with many noble families and upper-class. • Significance: The Era highly refined the court and society rose, and established best accounts of diaries, essays, and novels.

50. Decline of the Maya • Date: 9th Century CE • Definition: The period in which the Maya declined after years of warfare that caused the Mayans to flee their cities and take refuge in the jungle as well as northern invaders (Toltecs), but no one knows exactly what happened to cause the Mayans to flee the cities. • Significance: As the Toltecs invaded the Mayan area, they brought their own culture, influencing the area with their own customs and ideas.