Dr. Nickolas Solomey Illinois Inst. of Technology 29 June 2004

1. A proposed study of neutrino-induced strange-particle production reactions at the MINERnA Experiment (E-938 Fermilab) Dr. Nickolas SolomeyIllinois Inst. of Technology29 June 2004

2. Founding Institutes: • D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. Zois • University of Athens, Athens, Greece • D. Casper • University of California, Irvine, California • E. Paschos • University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany • D. A. Harris, M. Kostin, J.G. Morfin, P. Shanahan • Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois • M.E. Christy, W. Hinton, C.E .Keppel • Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia • R. Burnstein, A. Chakravorty, O. Kamaev, N. Solomey • Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois • I. Niculescu. G. .Niculescu • James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,, W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia S. Boyd, D. Naples, V. Paolone University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A. Bodek, H. Budd, J. Chvojka, P. de Babaro,S. Manly, K. McFarland, I.C. Park,W. Sakumoto, R. Teng University of Rochester, Rochester, New York R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki, K. McCormick, R. Ransome Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Green = Theorist Dr. Nickolas Solomey

3. Outline • To use a uniquely intense and well-understood n beam • And a fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector • To collect a large sample of n and n scattering events • To perform a wide variety of n physics studies • of special interest to some is the production of strange particles by neutrinos • Survey of Physics Topics • Description and Performance of the Detector • Detailed plans for the strange particle study Dr. Nickolas Solomey

4. To use a uniquely intense andwell-understood n beam. The NuMI Beam. • By changing the position of the easily-movable target with respect to the horns, the energy of the neutrino beam can be quickly changed. • For MINOS, the majority of the running will be in the “low-energy” (LE) configuration. There will be shorter runs in the ME and HE.configuration as well. Dr. Nickolas Solomey

5. Location in NuMI Near Hall • MINERnA plans to be located upstream of MINOS, as close as possible, to use MINOS as the muon ranger. Dr. Nickolas Solomey

6. To collect a large sample ofn and n scattering events… • Units of 1020 • Year total POT LE ME HE LEB MEB HEB • 2006 3.0 3.0 • 4.0 3.0 0.7 0.3 • 4.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 • 4.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 • TOTAL 15.0 7.0 1.2 0.8 3.0 1.5 1.5 • LE-configuration: Events- (Em >0.35 GeV) Epeak = 3.0 GeV, <En> = 10.2 GeV, rate = 80 K events/ton - 1020 pot • ME-configuration: Events- Epeak = 6.0 GeV, <En> = 8.0 GeV, rate = 160 K events/ton - 1020 pot • HE-configuration: Events- Epeak = 9.0 GeV, <En> = 12.0 GeV, rate = 260 K events/ton - 1020 pot nm Event Rates per ton Process CC NC Quasi-elastic 103 K 42 K Resonance 196 K 70 K Transition 210 K 65 K DIS 420 K 125 K Coherent 8.4 K 4.2 K TOTAL 940 K 288 K Typical Fiducial Volume = 3 tons CH, 1 ton Fe and 1 ton Pb Dr. Nickolas Solomey

7. To perform a wide variety ofn physics studies • Quasi-elastic (n + n --> m-+ p, 300 K events off 3 tons CH) - A. Bodek and H. Budd • Precision measurement of s(En) and ds/dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies. • Precision determination of axial vector form factor (FA), particularly at high Q2 • Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets) • Resonance Production (e.g. n + N ---> n /m- + D, 600 K total, 450K 1p) - S. Wood • Precision measurement of s and ds/dQfor individual channels • Detailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production, the resonance-DIS transition region -- duality • Study of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1 p<-- > 2 p <--> 3 p final states • Coherent p Production (n + A --> n /m- + A + p, 25 K CC / 12.5 K NC) - H. Gallagher • Precision measurement of s(E) for NC and CC channels • Comparison with theoretical models Dr. Nickolas Solomey

8. To perform a wide variety ofn physics studies - continued • Nuclear Effects (C, Fe and Pb targets)- A. Bruell and J. G. M. • Final-state intra-nuclear interactions. Measure multiplicities & Evis off C, Fe, Pb. • Measure NC/CC as a function of EH off C, Fe and Pb. • Measure shadowing, anti-shadowing and EMC-effect as well as flavor-dependent nuclear effects and extract nuclear parton distributions. • MINERnA and Oscillation Physics - H. Gallagher and D. A. Harris • MINERnA measurements enable precision in measure of Dm, sin2q23 in MINOS • MINERnA measurements important for q13 in MINOS and off-axis experiments • MINERnA measurements as foundation for measurement of possible CP and CPT violations in the n-sector • sT and Structure Functions(2.8 M total /1.2 M DIS events) - C.Keppel and J.Morfin • Precision measurement of low-energy total and partial cross-sections • Understand resonance-DIS transition region - duality studies with neutrinos • Detailed study of high-xBj region: extract pdf’s and leading exponentials over 1.2M DIS events Dr. Nickolas Solomey

9. To perform a wide variety ofn physics studies - continued • Strange and Charm Particle Production (> 100K fully reconstructed exclusive events) N. Solomey and T. Mann • Exclusive channel s(En) precision measurements - is of interest to cosmology • Look for Forbidden FCNC processes. • A large sample can be used to measure CKM matrix elements. • Statistics sufficient to reignite theorists attempt for a predictive phenomenology • Exclusive charm production channels at charm threshold to constrain mc • Generalized Parton Distributions(few K events) - W. Melnitchouk and R. Ransome • Provide unique combinations of GPDs, not accessible in electron scattering (e.g. C-odd, or valence-only GPDs), to map out a precise 3-dimensional image of the nucleon. MINERnA would expect a few K signature events in 4 years. • Provide better constraints on nucleon (nuclear) GPDs, leading to a more definitive determination of the orbital angular momentum carried by quarks and gluons in the nucleon (nucleus) • provide constraints on axial form factors, including transition nucleon --> N* form factors Dr. Nickolas Solomey

10. Strange and Charm Particle Production Existing Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15 L events. FNAL - ≈ 100 events ZGS - 7 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD inclusive sample expected • Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70’s due to lack of constraining data. • MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - fully reconstructed events (small fraction of total events) but still. • Important for background calculations of nucleon decay experiments • With extended n running could study single hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses • New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effectivemass. MINERnA Exclusive States 100x earlier samples 3 tons and 4 years DS = 0 m- K+ L0 10.5 K m- p0K+ L0 9.5 K m- p+ K0 L0 6.5 K m- K-K+ p5.0 K m- K0K+ p0p1.5 K DS = 1 m- K+ p 16.0 K m- K0 p 2.5 K m- p+ K0n 2.0 K DS = 0 - Neutral Current nK+L0 3.5 K nK0L0 1.0 K nK0L0 3.0 K Dr. Nickolas Solomey

11. Strange and Charm Particle Production p + n p + n + K0 • Looking for interactions with only 1 strange particles produced without a charged lepton would be Strangeness Changing Neutral Current. • Anti-neutrino running with a large sample of beta decay interactions would let us measure Vus outside of a Hyperon or K meson decay potential. • Looking for 4-body beta decay type interactions and the forbidden mode will allow us to get at understanding if the neutrino is Dirac or Majorana in nature. p + n S+ + n + p0 p + n m+ + L0 p + n m+ + L0+ p0 p + n m+ + S- + p+ p + n m- + S- + p- Dr. Nickolas Solomey

12. Goals of MINERnA Require… • Identification and separation of exclusive final states • Quasi-elastic mn–p, ene–p • Single 0, ±final states • Muon and electron energy measurement • Must observe recoil protons • Important for n–p, n–p0, etc. • 0 , – reconstruction. Hadronic energy • Adds a lot of mass. B-field for charge • Nuclear targets (high A, Fe of interest for MINOS) Dr. Nickolas Solomey

13. n Detector Overview • Active target, surrounded by calorimeters • upstream calorimeters are Pb, Fe targets • Magnetized side and downstream tracker/calorimeter Dr. Nickolas Solomey

14. Assembleinto planes X-View Absorbers between planes e.g., E- or H-CAL,nuclear targets U/V-View Or replace stripswith absorber(outer detector) Fully-Active Target:Extruded Scintillator Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips.1.2mm WLS fiber readout in grove at bottom Dr. Nickolas Solomey

15. Active Target Module • Planes of strips are hexagonal • rotate 60º to get U,V views • X+U+X+V make a module • More on construction, calorimeters later Inner, fully-activestrip detector Outer Detectormagnetized sampling calorimeter Dr. Nickolas Solomey

16. Fully Active Detector Strips 10 PE 10 PE 10 PE 4m Muon Ranger/Veto Strips Average PE/MIP vs Distance from Edge Light Yield • Critical question:does light yield allow forlow quantum efficiencyphotosensor? • Study: use MINOS lightMC, normalized to MINOSresults, MINERnA strips • Sufficient light, even forsingle-ended fiber readout,with MAPMT QuantumEfficiencies… Dr. Nickolas Solomey

17. Tracking in Active Target • Coordinate resolution from triangular geometry is excellent • s~2-3 mm in transverse direction from light sharing • technique pioneered by D0 upgradepre-shower detector 3.3cm Dr. Nickolas Solomey

18. reconstructedtrack Proton Reconstruction • Reminder: proton tracks from quasi-elastic events are typically short. Want sensitivity to pp~500 MeV 575 MeV/c momentum170 MeV kinetic energy Dr. Nickolas Solomey

19. Performance:Vertex Reconstruction • Excellent tracking resolution(results from full GEANT MC, Kalman filter track fitter) Two-track vertex resolution Resolution vs. multiplicity Dr. Nickolas Solomey

20. Performance: DIS Kinematics Reconstruction • inclusive reconstruction shown • W resolution to separate resonance from DIS independent of exclusive reconstruction • Q2 resolution for form factor measurements • x resolution for valence/sea • y resolution for quark/antiquark Dr. Nickolas Solomey

21. Performance:Particle Identification Chi2 differences between right and best wrong hypothesis • Particle ID bydE/dx in strips • Many dE/dx samples for good discrimination p K p Dr. Nickolas Solomey

22. HCAL Calorimeters • Three types of calorimeters in MINERnA • ECAL: between each sampling plane,1/16” Pb laminated with 10mil stainless (X0/3) • HCAL: between each sampling plane, 1” steel (l0/6) • OD: 4” and 2” steel between radial sampling layers • ECAL and HCAL absorbers are plates, rings DSECAL SideECAL Dr. Nickolas Solomey

23. Performance:p0 Energy and Angle Reconstruction • p0’s cleanly identified • p0 energy resolution • p0 angular resolution better than smearing from physics Coherent, resonance events withp0 Dr. Nickolas Solomey

24. Detector Performance with Strange Particle • Good granularity to see separated vertex from production point • Particle ID, electromagnetic and hadronic Calorimeter • Momentum measurement and invariant mass reconstruction Dr. Nickolas Solomey

25. Modular Design • a necessary part of installation in NuMI near hall is that detector should be constructed in thin modules • each module consists of four planes of active inner detector, absorbers and outer detector • flexibility in design • MINERnA can runstand-alone • or can use MINOS aslong muon catcher Dr. Nickolas Solomey

26. Summary • The opportunity: NuMI • NuMI is at the intensity frontier of neutrino physics for the latter half of the decade and beyond • Spacious near detector hall is terra firma for parasitic near detector experiments • happy to run with beam driven by MINOS • Opens a new field: “JLab of neutrinos” • Rich physics program in its own rightand support for oscillation program Dr. Nickolas Solomey