Then & Now… disease and technology through the ages Part II

1. Then & Now…disease and technology through the agesPart II

2. Ancient Greece - 776 BC Ancient Greek god of medicine & health • 1st to study cause of disease -looked for natural explanations not just divine ones • made discoveries in science, math & astronomy

3. Hippocrates, most famous of all ancient Greek physicians • based knowledge of anatomy on observation of external body • human dissection during this time was taboo • responsible for writing oath of medical ethics: Hippocratic Oath • became known as the “Father of Modern Medicine”

4. Greek thinkers emphasized idea of balance in all things. • The idea of balance was reflected by belief in four humors of human body: • yellow bile • black bile • blood • phlegm

5. Their Balance Theory for “fours”: • theory that four elements: • earth, air, fire & water & • the four seasons: • summer, autumn, winter & spring • were all linked to the fourhumors in human body

6. Believed that imbalance in any of these humors, elements or seasons caused illness • doctors could restore balance by, for example, by bloodletting Cupping vessels for bloodletting bloodletting scalpels

7. CheckPoint 1. How many elements were involved in the “balance theory”? . 2. What was the 1st code of medical ethics called? . 3. Name one of the body’s humors.

8. CheckPoint cont. 4. Imbalance of the humors resulted in:  a. bad weather b. some type of illness c. a depletion of blood d. environmental disasters .

9. Romans- 9th Century BC • Learned about disease & sanitation from Greeks • Developed sanitation system of aqueducts to bring clean water to cities • Built sewers to carry off waste • Built public baths with filtering systems • Marks beginning of public health & sanitation.

10. Aqueducts – • collected water from several natural springs, located far away from city • Water was chosen according to many factors: • position of its springs • purity of its water • its taste • alleged medical properties due to mineral salts

11. Gravity moved the water towards the city. • Aqueduct acted as a continuous slope • Water had to be drawn from springs located in hilly areas, above Rome's position

12. Ancient Roman aqueduct System

13. Roman Sewers – carried waste away from cities Cutaway view of typical Roman street. Shows lead water pipes & central channel for sewage under pavement

14. Ancient Roman Sewer underground sewers emptied at streams away from cities

15. Roman bath and spa--not just for bathing

16. Public baths were cheap to enter, so both rich & poor could afford to go often. • Men & women bathed in separate facilities. • People did not go to baths just to get clean. • Baths were a place to meet friends, relax or gamble & play games. • People would have a massage, then have their body scrubbed down before swimming in outdoor pool.

17. CheckPoint 5. The Romans learned about disease and hygiene from . . . . 6. Roman aqueducts carried:  a. clean water to cities b. sewage away from cities .

18. CheckPoint cont. 7. Only rich people could afford the Roman baths.  a. True b. False .

19. Dark Age (early Middle Age) - AD 400-800 & High Middle Ages - AD 800-1400 • Beginning of Dark Ages • Roman Empire was conquered by Huns

20. Hun Empire Roman Empire

21. Here comes the Huns

22. During this time church began to dominate the practice of science & medicine • Study of medical science all but stopped • Instead of medical intervention, the church held fast to belief “healing through Christ”

23. Treatment for ill during this time: • Prayer • Exorcism • Saintly relics • Superstition

24. Terrible epidemics during this period: • Bubonic plague (Black Death) • Smallpox • Syphilis • Diphtheria • Tuberculosis Bubonic plague was responsible for death of 60 million people

25. The Renaissance(AD 1350 - 1650) Period which marked rebirth of learning. • Building of universities & medical schools • Search for new ideas • (rather than unquestioningacceptance of disease as will of God)

26. Acceptance of dissection for study • Development of printing press & publishing books • (allowed more access to knowledge from research)

27. CheckPoint 8. Who conquered the Roman empire?  a. Greeks b. Mesopotamians c. Germans d. Huns . 9. Why did the study of medicine come to a stop during the Dark Ages? .

28. CheckPoint cont. 10. Approximately how many deaths was the Bubonic plague responsible for?  a. six thousand b. six million c. sixty million .

29. CheckPoint cont. 11. What does the word “Renaissance” mean?  a. rebirth b. academia c. new ideas d. scholar .

30. Discoveries of Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries

31. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • Italian artist, scientist, engineer • Studied anatomy of body by dissection of human corpses

33. Anton van Leeuwenhoek1632 - 1723 • Dutchman • Invented microscope in 1673 & discovered “animacules”

34. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope was a lens mounted in a tiny hole of a brass plate. • He held it to the light to see his specimen.

35. CheckPoint 12. Leonardo da Vinciis known as:  a. an engineer b. an artist c. a scientist d. all .

36. CheckPoint cont. 13. What is the name Leeuwenhoek used to describe microorganisms?  a. microbes b. organelles c. animacules d. pathogens .

37. Discoveries of Eighteenth Century

38. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Country doctor in England • Found vaccination • protected people against smallpox

39. Jenner observed that milkmaids who caught less serious cowpox generally did not catch smallpox. • Led him to discover technique of vaccination when he deliberately infected a small boy with cowpox.

40. Jenner found that this gave the child immunity against deadly smallpox.

41. The word ”vaccination," made up by Jenner for his treatment (comes from Latin vacca, a cow). Word later adopted by Pasteur for immunization against any disease.

42. Rene Laënnec (1781-1826) • French physician • Invented cylinder stethoscope • Originally made from paper; later made from hallow wooden tube • Hailed as Father of Thoracic Medicine

43. Before stethoscope, doctors put ear directly to body

44. What led to invention of stethoscope? • Laënnec: “In 1816, I was consulted by a young woman laboring under general symptoms of diseased heart, and in whose case percussion and the application of the hand were of little avail on the account of the great degree of fatness…” • “I rolled a quire of paper (24 sheets) into a kind of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region of the heart and the other to my ear.”

45. CheckPoint 14. The word vaccination is derived from a Latin word, which means . . ?. • 15. Laënnec’s first stethoscope was made of:  • a. paper • b. wood • c. copper • c. hardened rawhide .

46. CheckPoint cont. 16. Before Laënnec’s stethoscope, how did physicians listen to heart & lung sounds? .

47. Nineteenth Century Disease & Medicine

48. James Blundell (1790-1877) • 1818- performed 1st successful human blood transfusion • transfused blood from husband to his wife by means of syringe

49. Blundell performed 10 transfusions up to 1830 • about half were successful • At this point, blood typing had not been developed & transfusions were risky. • In 1870's, doctors began using milk from cows, goats & humans, as blood substitute • This was replaced with saline solution in 1880's

50. William Morton (1819-1868) • Dentist who developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless