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Addressing the Network IPv4

Addressing the Network IPv4. CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6 . Application. HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc. Data stream. Presentation. Application. Session. Transport. Transport. TCP, UDP. Segment. Network. Internet. IP. Packet. Data link. Ethernet, WAN technologies. Frame.

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Addressing the Network IPv4

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  1. Addressing the Network IPv4 CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 6

  2. Application HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc Data stream Presentation Application Session Transport Transport TCP, UDP Segment Network Internet IP Packet Data link Ethernet, WAN technologies Frame Network Access Physical Bits IP addressing – works at • OSI model layer 3 • TCP/IP model Internet layer M Rajab - 2008

  3. Addressing topics • Binary and decimal • Types of IP addresses • Assigning addresses • Network part and subnet masks • Calculating addresses • Ping and Traceroute Utilities M Rajab - 2008

  4. Binary and decimal • Convert to 8-bit binary • 248 • 187 • 89 • Convert to decimal • 00110100 • 01010101 • 11001111 M Rajab - 2008

  5. 248-128120 120-6456 56-3224 24-168 248 to binary M Rajab - 2008

  6. 187-12859 59-3227 11-83 3-21 27-1611 187 to binary M Rajab - 2008

  7. 89-6425 9-81 25-169 89 to binary M Rajab - 2008

  8. 32 +16+ 452 00110100 to decimal 52 M Rajab - 2008

  9. 64 +16+ 4+ 185 01010101 to decimal 85 M Rajab - 2008

  10. 128+ 64 + 8+ 4+ 2+ 1207 11001111 to decimal 207 M Rajab - 2008

  11. Binary and decimal • Convert to 8-bit binary • 248 11111000 • 187 10111011 • 89 01011001 • Convert to decimal • 00110100 52 • 01010101 85 • 11001111 207 M Rajab - 2008

  12. octet octet octet octet network part host part IPv4 address Prefix /24 Subnet mask: M Rajab - 2008

  13. Find the network address In a network address, all the host bits are 0. The router needs to do this for every packet. M Rajab - 2008

  14. Logical AND Do a logical AND at each position M Rajab - 2008

  15. Find the broadcast address In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1. The broadcast is the last address in the network. M Rajab - 2008

  16. 3 types of address • Every network has: • Network address – the first one • Broadcast address – the last one • Host addresses – everything in between M Rajab - 2008

  17. Classful addressing A network part host part B network part host part C network part host part M Rajab - 2008

  18. Classful addressing • Easy to work out but very wasteful. • Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by default • Class A /8 255.0.0.0 • Class B /16 255.255.0.0 • Class C /24 255.255.255.0 M Rajab - 2008

  19. Classless addressing • Any suitable prefix can be used • We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is. • More flexible, less wasteful. M Rajab - 2008

  20. Classless addressing /16 • 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0 • Broadcast address 172.16.255.255 • Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254 • 65534 host addresses M Rajab - 2008

  21. Classless addressing /24 • 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0 • Broadcast address 172.16.0.255 • Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254 • 254 host addresses M Rajab - 2008

  22. Classless addressing /22 • 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0 • Broadcast address 172.16.3.255 • Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254 • 1022 host addresses M Rajab - 2008

  23. Classless addressing /26 • 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192 • Broadcast address 172.16.0.63 • Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62 • 62 host addresses M Rajab - 2008

  24. Classless addressing /28 • 172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240 • Broadcast address 172.16.0.15 • Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14 • 14 host addresses M Rajab - 2008

  25. Calculating addresses • A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24 • What is the subnet mask? • What is the network address? • What is the broadcast address? • What is the range of host addresses in the network? M Rajab - 2008

  26. 192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table M Rajab - 2008

  27. 192.168.1.70/24 M Rajab - 2008

  28. Calculating addresses • A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26 • What is the subnet mask? • What is the network address? • What is the broadcast address? • What is the range of host addresses in the network? M Rajab - 2008

  29. 192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table M Rajab - 2008

  30. 192.168.1.70/26 M Rajab - 2008

  31. Calculating addresses • A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28 • What is the subnet mask? • What is the network address? • What is the broadcast address? • What is the range of host addresses in the network? M Rajab - 2008

  32. 192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table M Rajab - 2008

  33. 192.168.1.70/28 M Rajab - 2008

  34. Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast • Unicast – a message addressed to one host • Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a network. Uses network’s broadcast address or 255.255.255.255 locally • Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts. Uses an address starting 224 - 239 M Rajab - 2008

  35. Private IP addresses • Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across the Internet. • 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8) • 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20) • 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24) M Rajab - 2008

  36. Public IP addresses • Routed over the Internet • Master holder is IANA • Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs • ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual users • Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not allowed M Rajab - 2008

  37. Special addresses • 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 0. • 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given addresses starting 127. • 240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental purposes. • 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only • 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching M Rajab - 2008

  38. Network address translation • A large number of hosts on a network use private addresses to communicate with each other. • The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses. • NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses when they want to use the Internet M Rajab - 2008

  39. Addressing hosts • Static addressing – address is configured by an administrator • Servers, printers, routers, switches need static addresses • Dynamic addressing – address is allocated automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a pool • Dynamic addressing is best for workstations M Rajab - 2008

  40. Blocks of addresses M Rajab - 2008

  41. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Last octet binary Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25 M Rajab - 2008

  42. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26 M Rajab - 2008

  43. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27 M Rajab - 2008

  44. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28 And so on… M Rajab - 2008

  45. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 • Every time you borrow another bit you: • Double the number of subnets • Halve the size of the subnets • Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast address, and everything in between is a host address. • Here are some ways of visualising the process. M Rajab - 2008

  46. Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24 M Rajab - 2008

  47. Address space • Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255 • Link to show table M Rajab - 2008

  48. Subnet chart M Rajab - 2008

  49. Subnetting • There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be able to use them in exams. • Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the smallest. • Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet masks. • Make sure that there are no overlaps. M Rajab - 2008

  50. Ping and traceroute • Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out. • Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each router along the path replies. You get a list of addresses of all the routers. M Rajab - 2008

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