Chapter 2: Population

1. Chapter 2: Population The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Critical Issues in Population Geography • More people are alive today than at any other time in human history • The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth century than every before. • Virtually all population growth today occurs in less developed countries (LDCs)

3. Case Study: India’s Population • Population: 1.2 billion • 1/3 under 15 years of age. • India is rapidly developing. • So, why is this problematic?

4. Chapter 2 Key Issue 1 Where Is the World’s Population Distributed?

5. Questions Geographers ask? • 1) Where is pop concentrated? • 2) Where is it growing? • 3) Why is it growing at different rates? • 4) Why geographers consider local diversity in growth rates to be important?

6. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? • Two-thirds of the world’s population are in four regions: • East Asia • South Asia • Europe • Southeast Asia

7. Cartogram of the World’s Population

8. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? • Most of the worlds population : - 2/3 of population live within 500 km of an ocean. • Occupy: - Low lying areas w/ fertile soil & temperate climate.

9. East Asia • ¼ world population • China has 5/6 of East Asia population (clustered near Pacific coast) • Half of population is rural • Japan & Korea: 40% of population concentrated in Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul (less than 3% of total land area)

10. South Asia • ¼ world population (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) • Concentrated along a 900 mile stretch along the Indus & Ganga rivers (3/4 rural)

11. South East Asia • Third largest cluster (100 million on the island of Java) • Largely rural

12. Europe • Third largest cluster (1/9 of world population) • ¾ pop live in cities (highest concentration England, Belgium, Germany) • Food must be imported to sustain population

13. Population Distribution Figure 2-2

14. Sparsely populated regions • People generally avoid: • Dry lands 20% • Wet lands (equator) • Cold lands (poles) • High lands (mountainous)

15. Ecumene Portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement DG: intensive settlement LG: small-scale agriculture Y: hunting/ gathering W: uninhabited Figure 2-4

16. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? • Population density • Arithmetic density • Physiological density • Agricultural density

17. Measures of Density Table 2-1

18. Where Has the World’s Population Increased Key Issue 2

19. Where Has the World’s Population Increased? • Natural increase rate (also includes migration) • The percentage by which a population grows in a year • Crude birth rate (CBR) • The number of births per 1,000 population • Crude death rate (CDR) • The number of deaths per 1,000 population • Natural increase rate (NIR) subtracting the number of deaths from live births.

20. World Population Growth Figure 2-8

21. NIR & CBR

22. Where Has the World’s Population Increased? • Fertility: # of children per woman/lifetime • Total fertility rate (TFR) • Mortality • Infant mortality rate (IMR) • Life expectancy

23. Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14 • Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high IMRs and that places with low TFRs have low IMRs.

24. Life Expectancy & CDR

25. The End of Key Issue 2

26. Key Issue III The Demographic Transition (a process with several stages)

27. Stage 1 (Low Growth) • Characterized by high crude birth/death rates. Why? • Depended on hunting & gathering NIR = roughly zero • 8000BC Agriculture Revolution = steady but low population +

28. Stage 2: High Growth • 1750: w.pop grew .5 million • 1800: w.pop grew to 5 million (why?) • Industrial Revolution in Europe & N.A. (Medical Revolution) diffuses East • CDR decreases (longer lives while CBR remain the same (high) • 1950: S2 hits rest of the world

29. Stage 3: Moderate Growth • More modest gap between CBR & CDR as the both CBR & CDR slows (Why?) • Economic changes • Europe/ NA reached 1st half of 20th century (delayed reaction • Asia/ LA = 2nd half • Africa = remains S2 • More likely to live urban

30. Stage 4: Low Growth • Zero population growth (ZPG) Reached when CBR = CDR (NIR = 0) • Total Fertility Rate (TFR factor) (Why?) • Women enter the labor force (less kids = smaller families) • Increased wealth = more expenses/ leisure • * note Western Countries increase pop due to immigrants mostly

31. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? • Demographic transition • Four stages • Stage 1: Low growth • Agricultural revolution • Stage 2: High growth • Industrial Revolution • Stage 3: Moderate growth • Stage 4: Low growth • Zero population growth (ZPG)

32. Demographic Transition Figure 2-15

33. ENGLAND’S TRANSITION

34. Key Issue III (2.0) Population Pyramid

35. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? • Population pyramids • A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition • Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR • Age distribution • Dependency ratio • Sex distribution • Sex ratio

36. Population Pyramids Figure 2-19

37. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? • Countries are in different stages of the demographic transition • Three examples: • Cape Verde = High growth • Stage 2 since the 1950s • Chile = Moderate growth • Stage 3 since the 1960s • Denmark = Low growth • Stage 4 since the 1970s

38. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates? • Demographic transition & world population growth • Most countries = stage 2 or stage 3 of the Demographic Transition • Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by significant population growth • No country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition • It is easier to cause a drop in the CDR than in the CBR

39. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? • Malthus on overpopulation • An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically • Criticism of Malthus includes the following: • Pessimistic viewpoint • Failure to consider technological innovation • Marxist critique

40. Malthus: Theory & Reality Figure 2-25

41. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? • Declining birth rates • Reasons for declining birth rates • Reliance on economic development • Distribution of contraceptives • Reducing birth rates with contraception

42. Family Planning Figure 2-30

43. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • Stage 1: Pestilence and famine • The Black Plague • Pandemics

44. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? Figure 2-31 • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • Stage 2: Receding pandemics • Cholera and Dr. John Snow

45. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • Stage 3: Degenerative diseases • Most significant: Heart disease and cancer • Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases • Medical advances prolong life

46. Why Might Overpopulation be a Concern? • World health threats • The epidemiologic transition • A possible stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases? • Three reasons why it might be happening: • Evolution • Poverty • Improved travel

47. The Most Lethal Infectious Disease: AIDS Figure 2-33

48. The End. Up next: Migration Figure 3-1