Classifying Living Organisms

1. Classifying Living Organisms Plantae

2. Kingdoms and Domains The highest level of classification is the kingdom. There are 3 systems of determining the divisions of this level of classification. The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

3. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular eukaryotes • Non-motile • Cell wall with cellulose • Autotrophs (they make their own food by photosynthesis) For a comparison of plant and fungi kingdoms see Table 1 Pg. 364 Sunflowers Plant cell showing cell wall Mountain ash

4. Kingdom Plantae Evolution • Probably evolved from green algae • Land plants had to develop adaptations to scarcity of water & climate changes • Moving onto land allowed more sunlight, nutrients, & CO2 for photosynthesis • A support adaptation included a compound called lignin (a hard substance that strengthens cell walls so they can support additional weight) • The origin of vascular tissue (specialized tissue for carrying food, water, & minerals) was an evolutionary breakthrough in the colonization of land

5. Kingdom Plantae Evolution See figure 1 Pg. 374

6. Kingdom Plantae Structure Roots– penetrate the soil to anchor the plant and reach source of food Leaves – provide greater surface area to carry out photosynthesis Stems– Supply rigid tissues that raise and support the leaves

7. Kingdom Plantae Reproduction Alteration of Generations: the complete life cycle of a plant, where the haploid stage produces gametes and the diploid stage produces spores Haploid form – gametophyte (produces gametes that unite to form a sporophyte) Diploid form – sporophyte (some cells produce haploid spores with develop into gametophyte) This is sexual reproduction - there are male and female gametes! See Figure 1 Pg. 379 for the general life cycle

8. Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae Bryophytes Contain no vascular tissue Tracheophytes Contain vascular tissue, ie xylem and phloem Small delicate leaves Thick leathery leaves Have no seeds Phylum Bryophyta eg mosses Pteridophytes Phylum Pterophyta eg ferns Phylum Lycophyta eg clubmosses Phylum Sphenophyta eg horsetails Phylum Hepatophyta Eg liverworts Have seeds No flowers, seeds in cones flowers with seeds Gymnosperms Phylum Coniferophyta eg conifers (pines) Phylum Gingkophyta eg gingkoes Phylum Cycadophyta eg cycads Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta eg flowering plants Classification (See Figure 2 Pg. 374) Focus on plant structure and method of reproduction

9. Kingdom Plantae Bryophytes (See Figure 1 Pg. 381) • No vascular system – limits size • No true roots, stems or leaves • Depend on diffusion and osmosis to move nutrients, waste, water, etc. Mosses (Bryophyta) • found mainly in damp places • root-like structures that are very fine and hair-like Liverwarts (Hepatophyta) • Grow flat to the ground Peat moss Liverwort

10. Kingdom Plantae Vascular Plants Vascular Tissue • Look like tube running through the plant • Transport system  moves water and nutrients around the plant to where it is needed.

11. Kingdom Plantae Vascular Plants Vascular Tissue - 2 types: • xylem -carries water & inorganic nutrients from the roots to the stem & leaves • phloem - carries carbohydrates (sugar and starch) made by the plants to wherever they're needed or stored in the plant

12. Kingdom Plantae Pteridophytes (See Figure 1 & 2 Pg. 386) • First vascular plants • No seeds • Leafy portion called a frond • Reproduce by releasing spores Types: Whisk Ferns (Psilotophytes) Club Mosses (Lycopodophytes) Horsetails (Sphenophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Club moss Fern

13. Kingdom Plantae Spermatophytes • vascular plants with seeds • Most recently evolved plants • Seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually and provide protection against harsh conditions Types: • Conifers & Their Relatives (Gymnosperms) • Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Gingko biloba

14. Kingdom Plantae Conifers & Their Relatives (Gymnosperms) • No flowers • Seeds form between the scales of a woody cone • Most have thin, needle-like leaves

15. Kingdom Plantae Conifers & Their Relatives (Gymnosperms) Three main phyla of gymnosperms are: • Phylum Coniferophyta, the conifers (pines) • Phylum Gingkophyta, the gingkoes • Phylum Cycadophyta, the cycads Wollemi pine Wollemianobilis cycad

16. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) • mainly terrestrial • most common type of plant • have true roots, stems and leaves • produce flowers, fruits and seeds • Include grasses, wheat, corn, beans, elms, birches, and all flowering plants

17. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) • Flowers responsible for reproduction • The male and female reproductive organs develop in the flower. The male reproductive organ is called the stamen. The female reproductive organ is called the pistil.

18. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) • Once the eggfrom the ovary is fertilized by the pollenfrom the stamens, it will develop into a seed. In most angiosperms, the ovary will develop into a fruit around the seeds.

19. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Class monocotyledons (moncots) Class dicotyledons (dicots) Cotyledon: a seed leaf that stores carbohydrates for the seedling and often is the first photosynthetic organ of a young seedling

20. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

21. Kingdom Plantae Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

22. Practice Pg. 375 #1, 2, 6 Pg. 378 # 2, 7, 10 Pg. 385 # 1, 2 Pg. 389 #1 Pg. 399 #1, 4, 7 Sections 10.7 – 10.9 Pg. 402 # 1, 2, 4