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ME 480 Introduction To Aerospace: Chapter 2

ME 480 Introduction To Aerospace: Chapter 2. Prof. Doug Cairns. Forces On a Body. Spatial Quantities pressure, density, temperature, velocity. Supersonic flow (oil streak used for visualization). Smoke Injectors to Visualize Streamlines. Particles follow Streamlines.

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ME 480 Introduction To Aerospace: Chapter 2

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  1. ME 480 Introduction To Aerospace: Chapter 2 Prof. Doug Cairns

  2. Forces On a Body

  3. Spatial Quantitiespressure, density, temperature, velocity

  4. Supersonic flow(oil streak used for visualization)

  5. Smoke Injectors to Visualize Streamlines

  6. Particles follow Streamlines

  7. Basic Parts on an Airplane

  8. Basic Controls of an Airplane

  9. For the Next Few Slides • Basic Physics of Flight • What’s happening during a flight • Rule of Thumb airplane design

  10. Basic Forces Lift Drag Trim Thrust Weight

  11. Lift Drag Trim Thrust Weight What’s in Weight? Paying Passengers and Cargo Payload Fuel Reserves Operating items Systems Propulsion Landing Gear Body Wing & Tails Food, Supplies Navigate, control and support life Generate force to move airplane Support airplane on the ground Enclose the payload Provide lift Airplane Operating Empty Weight (OEW)

  12. Weight changes during the flight. End of flightStart of Flight Payload Burn off fuel Fuel Payload Fuel Reserves Operating items Systems Propulsion Landing Gear Body Wing & Tails Food, Supplies Navigate, control & support life Generate force to move airplane Support airplane on the ground Enclose the payload Provide lift Operating empty weight

  13. How do you make Lift? Lift Drag Bernoulli: “The faster the air flows over the surface, the lower the pressure air exerts on the surface.” Trim Thrust Weight

  14. How to Change Lift • Since Lift is about the same as weight and weight changes, then must be able to change lift. • Increase lift by • increasing the tilt of the wing • increasing the speed of the airplane (actually speed squared) • decreasing the altitude of the airplane above the ground.

  15. But there are Limits to Lift “Stall” The flow no longer can stay attached to the upper surface. Lift Airfoil Tilt Angle

  16. Ways around the Limits to Lift “Slats & Flaps” “Slats” Lift Airfoil Tilt Angle

  17. Wings are made up of airfoils Wing Airfoil

  18. How to create Thrust Lift Drag Trim Thrust Weight • A propeller produces thrust like a wing produces lift except: • The propeller is a wing rotated 90 degrees • The speed over the airfoil comes from rotating the prop.

  19. How does a jet engine produce thrust? Propeller (“compressors”) Propeller (“turbines”) Fuel Burned (Generates high speed air) Thrust A jet engine “sucks, squeezes, burns and blows.”

  20. What is “Drag”? Lift Drag Trim Thrust Weight Due to the influence of an airfoil on those outboard of it Due to the rapid growth of the boundary layer Due to roughness, gaps & antennas Due to the friction in the boundary layer next to the skin to the air flowing over the skin. Lift and Span Aerodynamic details Smoothness Outside surface area Induced “Pressure” Excrescence Skin Friction

  21. Trim comes from a wing like surface mounted on the back of the airplane To change the tilt of the airplane increase down load - airplane nose goes up decrease down load - airplane nose goes down What & Why Trim? Lift Drag Trim Thrust Weight

  22. Airplane Controls Fin Rudder Aileron Elevators Flaps Slats Stabilizer (Tail) Spoilers

  23. Lift Weight Airplane Stability A stable system A stable airplane Move the ball away from the bottom and it returns to the bottom Because ball’s center of gravity is above the bottom of the bucket Move the nose of the airplane up and the airplane’s nose will come back down. Because airplane’s center of lift is aft of the center of weight

  24. How does an airplane turn? It banks. Lift Weight

  25. Why do airplanes have rudders? To balance an inoperative engine and crosswinds.

  26. Design Envelope Stall Margins Pressurization Engine out takeoff System redundancy Brake Capability Fatigue Flutter Takeoff and Landing Distances Situation Awareness Speed margins Structural Strength margins

  27. The Plane that Taught America to Fly Note: Dr. Cairns has around 100 hrs in this make and type, over 200 hours in similar type aircraft

  28. We will have an opportunity to crawl around one of These!

  29. The Greatest Fighter Aircraft Ever(according to the Military Channel)

  30. The Funny Looking X29(forward swept wing for better maneuverability)

  31. Spacecraft

  32. More Spacecraft

  33. The Road Map

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