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A+ Practical Applications (exam 220-802 ) Instructor: Allan Ackerman A+, Net+, MCSE NT4, 2000, 2003 server, MCTS Vista, Windows 7, 2008 Server Chapter #1 Introducing Windows Operating Systems Operating Systems Past & Present Plus - A Binary Math Review .

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  1. A+ Practical Applications (exam 220-802)Instructor: Allan AckermanA+, Net+, MCSE NT4, 2000, 2003 server, MCTS Vista, Windows 7, 2008 Server Chapter #1 Introducing Windows Operating SystemsOperating Systems Past & PresentPlus -A Binary Math Review Click the graphic for assessment CIT 111 Chapter 1

  2. A Binary Math Review • For additional material on binary math see the links at the end of the lecture. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  3. The Binary Number System • Only uses the digits 0 & 1 • It is a positional number system • We will have three methods to convert • The positional method • The divide method • The calculator method CIT 111 Chapter 1

  4. The Positional Method CIT 111 Chapter 1

  5. The Divide Method - Converts decimal to binary. Problem: convert 105 decimal to binary. Method: Divide by 2 and look at the remainder. Repeat until you have a zero quotient CIT 111 Chapter 1

  6. The Calculator Method • Click start-> • all programs -> • Accessories -> • Calculator • Can be used for decimal to binary or Hex • From view make sure you select scientific and grouping. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  7. A Hex Review • Base 16 number system • Easy to convert to Binary & Binary is easy to convert to Hex • Numbering system of choice for all computer techs and programmers CIT 111 Chapter 1

  8. Binary to Hex conversion • Use digits 0-9 A, B, C, D, E, F to represent values from 0 to 15. • It is a 4 bit code • Computer Techs really like Hex because it is compact. Binary numbers use lots of digits. For example 4096 decimal = 1000000000000 B= 1000 H • The numbers 0 or 1 in binary are called a bits • A collection of 4 bits is called a nibble • A collection of 8 bits is called a byte CIT 111 Chapter 1

  9. Binary to Hex CIT 111 Chapter 1

  10. To convert from Hex to Binary do it a nibble at a time • Convert A9 Hex to binary. • Look up A in our table - 1010 • Look up 9 in our table - 1001 • Replace the values and you are done. • A9 hex = 10101001 • Convert 0111 1011 to Hex • 0111 = 7 and 1011 = B • 01111011 binary = 7B Hex CIT 111 Chapter 1

  11. Famous numbers you should know CIT 111 Chapter 1

  12. Our author expects you to know binary and hex and she does not cover it. • We will be using the hex number system daily. • You must master both binary and hex. • Check out the links on the last slide of this PowerPoint if you need more practice. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  13. One very important formula • If you have n bits then you have 2n numbers. • We will use the above formula hundreds of times throughout the semester. It must be second nature to you. • Here are some examples on how to use it. • You have 32 bit addressing how many bytes of RAM can you address? • We have 32 bits so we have 232 = 4,294,967,296 addresses for RAM. • A port is a 2 byte number. How many ports do we have? • Since a byte is 8 bits we have 16 bits total. Therefore we have 216 = 65,536 different ports. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  14. Operating Systems - Overview • The operating system’s job • How DOS began and how it is used today • The differences between the various Windows operating systems • Advantages and disadvantages of other non-Windows operating systems CIT 111 Chapter 1

  15. What Is an OS? • It is the first program loaded into a computer • It remains in memory until the machine is turned off • It is responsible for allocating system resources • Controls hardware components that make up a computer • Acts as a middleman between applications and hardware • Provides an interface that a user or application can use • In short an OS is the program that allows the operation of the computer CIT 111 Chapter 1

  16. How an OS Relates to Users, Applications, and Hardware CIT 111 Chapter 1

  17. The Formal DefinitionAn operating system is • The software responsible for allocating system resources, including memory, processor time, disk space, and peripheral devices such as printers, modems, and the monitor. All application programs use the operating system to gain access to these system resources as they need. The operating system is the first program loaded into the computer as it boots, and it remains in memory at all times thereafter. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  18. Common Operating Systems • DOS • Windows 9x • Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 • UNIX • Linux • OS/2 • Mac OS CIT 111 Chapter 1

  19. Four Main Functions of an Operating System • Managing hardware • Managing files • Providing a user interface • Managing applications CIT 111 Chapter 1

  20. Operating System Functions • Managing hardware • Managing the BIOS • Managing memory • Diagnosing problems with software and hardware • Interfacing between hardware and software • Managing files • On hard, floppy, CD-ROM, and other drives • Creating, storing, retrieving, deleting, and moving files CIT 111 Chapter 1

  21. Operating System Functions • Providing a user interface • Performing housekeeping procedures requested by users • Providing a way for a user to manage the desktop, hardware, applications, and data • Managing applications • Installing and uninstalling applications • Running applications and managing the interface to hardware on behalf of an application CIT 111 Chapter 1

  22. Operating System Components • Two main components • Shell • Relates to the user and to applications • Provides a command, menu, or icon interface to the user using various interface tools (eg, Windows Explorer, Control Panel, or My Computer) • Kernel • Interacts with hardware • Registry and initialization files CIT 111 Chapter 1

  23. Operating System Components CIT 111 Chapter 1

  24. How an OS Relates to Users • Command-driven interfaces • User types commands • Menu-driven interfaces • User chooses from list of options • Icon-driven interfaces (GUI or graphical user interface) • User selects icon (picture) on the screen CIT 111 Chapter 1

  25. A Command-Driven Interface CIT 111 Chapter 1

  26. A Menu-Driven Interface CIT 111 Chapter 1

  27. An Icon-Driven Interface CIT 111 Chapter 1

  28. Multitasking • Cooperative • Not true multitasking, in that the CPU is only aware of one program running at a time • Do not need to close one application before opening another • Preemptive • OS allots CPU time to an application for a specified period, then preempts processing to give CPU to another application • If two threads are running, CPU can be aware of both, but still only one is active CIT 111 Chapter 1

  29. The two methods of multitasking listed on the previous slide are buzz words you need to know! • Cooperative multitasking - a method that depends on the application itself to be responsible for using and the freeing access to the processor. If an application is unstable then it locks up and the whole OS locks up. • Preemptive multitasking – a method in which the operating system allots each application a certain amount of processor time and then forcibly takes back control. Unstable programs can still lock up but they do not make the OS crash as a result. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  30. Single-tasking and Multitasking CIT 111 Chapter 1

  31. A Multitasking Environment CIT 111 Chapter 1

  32. Terminology for Comparing OSs • Thread • Process that a CPU is aware of • 16-bit (real) mode • 32-bit (protected) mode • FAT (file allocation table) and FAT32 • NTFS (New Technology File System – the best and used in all NT based products) CIT 111 Chapter 1

  33. Terminology for Comparing OSs • Random access memory (RAM) • Temporary memory stored on chips inside computer • Place to store programs and data • Contents disappear when computer is off • Several ports to connect different devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, printer) CIT 111 Chapter 1

  34. Comparing Operating Systems • What kind of user interface does it provide? • How many and what kinds of applications are written to work with it? • What are hardware requirements for efficient use? • What computer ports and other hardware devices and features does it support? • How does the OS perform in a network? CIT 111 Chapter 1

  35. A short History of Modern Microcomputer Operating Systems CIT 111 Chapter 1

  36. The first major OS for microcomputers is CP/M • Created by Gary Kildall in 1973. Gary’s company was called Digital Research. • #1 OS for Intel chip – 8080. • Was the grandfather to DOS • It was an 8-bit OS. • All we had was a command line CIT 111 Chapter 1

  37. How Version Numbers Work • A version number looks like x.y, e.g., MS DOS 3.2 • Monster revisions of software will result in a change of the first number. Minor revisions of the software a change in the second number. • For example going from DOS 3.2 to 3.3 there would be only a few minor changes in the OS. But going to DOS 3.3 to DOS 4 there are going to be monster changes in the OS. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  38. DOS (Disk Operating System) • First OS used by IBM microcomputers – this came out in 1981 our books states on page 2 MS-DOS was first released in 1986 – this is an error. • Simple and reliable • Primary use today is as troubleshooting tool • Used in some proprietary systems where older hardware and software are still doing the job • Provides underlying OS for Windows 9x CIT 111 Chapter 1

  39. DOS Beginnings • IBM wanted to get into the microcomputer Market in the early 80s. They designed on a home computer based on Intel’s new 8088. Needed to create the OS for the Intel 8088 a 16-bit CPU. They decided since they were new to the microcomputer market they would contract out the creation of the OS. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  40. DOS 1.0 • Digital Research lost the deal of the century to Microsoft. Bill Gates, Paul Allen buys a program from Tim Patterson called QDOS. They also hirer Tim Patterson. DOS 1.0 was released with the first IBM PC. It would only handle a 160K 5.25 inch floppy drive. DOS 1.1 added support for double-sided 320K floppy drives. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  41. MS is smart about DOS • Smart Marketing – Microsoft decides only to lease the software to IBM (1980). They retain all rights and can sell, i.e., lease the software to other computer manufactures. Intel will also sell their chips to anyone. Hence – the creation of IBM clones is possible. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  42. DOS Ver 2 • Released in 1983 with IBM’s XT. • Would handle 360K floppy drives. • Would handle a 10 MB hard drive. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  43. DOS Ver 3.0 – 3.31 • DOS 3.0 was released with the IBM AT. A new computer based on Intel’s new 80286 chip. This was in the summer of 1984. • It supported a 5.25 in floppy that held 1.2MB of data. • DOS 3.1 was the first DOS to support networking. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  44. DOS 3.0 – 3.31 • DOS 3.0-3.3 supported 32MB partition size on the hard drive. • DOS 3.2 introduced xcopy (still important today). DOS 3.2 was the first to introduce support for the 3.5 inch floppy disk drive. • DOS 3.31 (Compaq) broke the 32MB limit. This product was released by Compaq and shipped with its computers. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  45. DOS 4.0 • Released in 1988. • Came with a DOS shell. • Supported a mouse. • Had support for large hard drives. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  46. DOS 5.0 • Released in 1991 • Came with himem.sys. Allowed programs to break the 640K limit. • Qbasic and edit.com – finally a good text editor was released with DOS. These two products where linked together and did not get separated until Windows 95. • Edit is still a very good command line text editor and is included with all MS Operating Systems CIT 111 Chapter 1

  47. Edit.com is a good text editor that has been around since DOS 5.0 CIT 111 Chapter 1

  48. DOS 6.0-6.22 • DOS 6.0 released in 1993 • Came with emm386.exe • Came with memmaker • Came with double-space (Bad idea and Microsoft got sued) Removed with 6.21 and replaced back in 6.22 • 6.22 is the final release of DOS CIT 111 Chapter 1

  49. The command line is not DEAD • The command line is alive and well in all MS operating systems. • New command line programs are release with each new OS. • Computer techs know the power of the command line. You will see in this course that there are many advantages to the command line. • Microsoft no longer sells a stand alone version of DOS but other manufactures do. • The product is still being sold to applications creators. We use the product when we purchase their application. CIT 111 Chapter 1

  50. DOS commands are now done at the command line • You will be expected to master the command line and we will spend a fair amount of time on the important DOS commands. • DOS is still the language used to start off many OS installations, e.g., XP. • Command line runs many things better. • Command line will be used when we troubleshoot systems. CIT 111 Chapter 1

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