Flora & Fauna - Biomes of the World -

1. วิชา 104 107 Man and Environment 4 (4-0-8)ภาคการศึกษาที่ 1 ปีการศึกษา 2549Environment of Human Population:The Biotic Environments: โดย อ.มงคล ผจงธนสฤษฏ์ วันที่ 29 มิถุนายน 2549 เวลา 15.00-17.00 น. ณ อาคารเรียนรวม ห้อง B3103 Flora&Fauna- Biomes of the World -

3. F L O R A • รุกขชาติในท้องถิ่น หรือในช่วงระยะเวลาใดๆ(list of the plants of an area or period)

4. F A U N A • บรรดาสัตว์ในท้องถิ่น ในช่วงเวลา หรือในสภาวะแวดล้อมพิเศษใดๆ (the animals characteristic of a region, period, or special environment)

5. B I O M E • Large ecosystem characterized by similar plant/vegetation, animal, and climate • There are various terrestrial biomes • and two aquatic (freshwater and salt-water) biomes

7. Some of the Biomes on Earth (1)- Terrestrial - • Desert • very dry, either hot or cold • Tropical Rain Forest • warm and very wet • Grassland • Windy, grass with few trees

8. Some of the Biomes on Earth (2)- Terrestrial - • Deciduous Forest • cool and rainy, with deciduous trees • Tundra • cool, treeless, and dry • Coniferous Forest(Taiga) • cool and dry, with coniferous trees

9. Some of the Biomes on Earth (3)- Aquatic - • Wetlands - many types, including swamps, marshes, bogs, fens, sloughs, etc. • Marine • benthic biomes (bottom) • coral reef (warm shallow salt-water environments) • pelagic biomes(open seas near the surface) • estuarine biomes(where rivers meet oceans)

10. DESERT

11. DESERT • Deserts cover about 18-20% of the Earth's land area • Insects, reptiles (especially lizards), birds and small mammals reside in the desert, many active only at night

13. DESERT • Temperature: Average of 38 OC (day), -3.9 OC (night) • Precipitation: About 250 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Cacti, small bushes, short grasses • Location: Between 15 O and 35 O latitude (North and South of the equator); examples are Mojave, Sonoran, Chihuahua, and Great Basin (North America); Sahara (Africa); Negev (Middle East); and Gobi (Asia) • Other: Perennials survive for several years by becoming dormant and flourishing when water is available. Annuals are referred to as ephemerals because some can complete an entire life cycle in weeks. • Example: El-Oasr el-Akhdar, Egypt

14. น้ำและสิ่งมีชีวิตในทะเลทรายน้ำและสิ่งมีชีวิตในทะเลทราย • ในทะเลทรายที่แห้งแล้งบางแห่งอาจไม่มีฝนตกเลยเป็นระยะเวลาหลายปี เช่นในชิลีไม่ได้รับน้ำฝนมากกว่า 20 ปี ดังนั้นจึงไม่มีสิ่งมีชีวิตในบริเวณนั้น • ในทะเลทรายอื่น ๆ บางครั้งอาจพบแหล่งน้ำฝนที่ขังอยู่บ้าง บางครั้งก็เป็นน้ำใต้ดิน ในบริเวณนั้นจะมีสิ่งมีชีวิตหลายชนิดที่อาศัยแหล่งน้ำพวกนี้ในการดำรงชีวิต

15. พืชที่อยู่ในทะเลทราย • มีลำต้นอ่อนนิ่มฉ่ำไปด้วยน้ำมีขี้ผึ้งฉาบอยู่รอบใบและลำต้น • ได้แก่พวกกระบองเพชรหรือไม้พุ่มผลัดใบ • ฤดูที่พืชพวกนี้เจริญเติบโตมีเวลาสั้น • ช่วงที่มีดอกเกิดขึ้นอย่างสวยงามคือเมื่อมีฝนตก

16. Desert Plant Adaptations • Some flowering desert plants are ephemeral; • They live for a few days. Their seeds lie dormant in the soil, sometimes for years, until a soaking rain enables them to germinate and quickly bloom • Desert plants usually have small leaves. • This conserves water by reducing surface area from which transpiration can take place

17. Desert Plant Adaptations • Other plants drop their leaves during the dry period • Woody desert plants either: • have long root systems that reach deep water sources or • have spreading shallow roots that are able to take up surface moisture quickly from heavy dews and occasional rains

18. Desert Plant Adaptations • Desert plants are succulents, storing water in leaves, stems, and roots • Thorns, modified leaves, guard the water from animal invaders • These plants may take in and store carbon dioxide only at night; during the day their stomata, or pores, are closed to prevent evaporation.

19. สัตว์ต่างๆในทะเลทราย • พบในบริเวณที่มีพืชเกิดขึ้น • ขุดรูอยู่ใต้ดินในตอนกลางวันและออกหากินในเวลากลางคืน • เช่นกระรอกสัตว์เลื้อยคลานแมลงแมงมุมแมงป่อง

20. Desert Animal Adaptations • Amphibian species mature rapidly, mate, and lay eggs • Many birds and rodents reproduce only periods of winter rain that stimulate the growth of vegetation • Some desert rodents are extremely efficient at conserving and recycling water, their urine is highly concentrated

21. Desert Animal Adaptations • Most desert mammals and reptiles are nocturnal, remaining in cool underground burrows or in the shade by day • Some desert reptiles can control their metabolic heat production by varying their rate of heartbeat and the rate of body metabolism

22. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

23. TROPICAL RAINFORESTS • Located near the equator • Cover less than 10% of the Earth's surface, but provide a habitat for 50 to 90% of the world's plant and animal species

24. TROPICAL RAIN FOREST • Temperature: 20 OC to 25 OC, must remain warm and frost-free • Precipitation: 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of rain per year • Vegetation: Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns • Location: Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn • Other: There are two types of rainforests, tropical and temperate. Tropical rainforests are found closer to the equator and temperate rainforests are found farther north near coastal areas. The majority of common houseplants come from the rainforest. • Example: Campa Pita, Belize

25. Characteristics • Greatest diversity of species • Near the equator, within the area bounded by latitudes 23.5 degrees N and 23.5 degrees S • Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry) • Daylight is 12 hours and varies little.

26. Characterized by rapid plant growth, thick forest canopy, and a huge diversity of animal species • A multitude of insects and other invertebrates thrive along with birds, monkey, snakes and lizard

27. Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different tree species. • Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen, with large dark green leaves. • Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests.

28. Faunainclude numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects.

29. EMERGENTS: Giant trees - houses many birds and insects. • CANOPY: The upper parts - full of life in a tropical rainforest and includes: insects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and more. • UNDERSTORY: A dark, cool environment under the leaves but over the ground. • FOREST FLOOR: Teeming with animal life, especially insects. The largest animals in the rainforest generally live here.

30. Rain Forest Plants • Large leaves are commonly found especially where light is low and transpiration reduced due to the high humidity • Many trees have thin, smooth bark because there is little need to conserve water, while others are armed with spikes or thorns for protection.

31. Rain Forest Plants • Some trees have large fleshy fruits to attract the birds and animals that disperse the seeds • Epiphytes (กาฝาก) are plants that root on the trees • Climbers are woody vines (เถาวัลย์) that grow high into the canopy

32. Rain Forest Animals • Many endemic species are found in rainforests • Sometimes living on only one type of food plant • Being active at certain times of the day • Adaptations for living in the high canopy include flying, gliding, and prehensile tails

33. Rain Forest Animals • Ground-dwelling forest mammals include large cats, such as tigers and jaguars, pigs, and many species of rodent • Bird and reptile species occur in each of the forest layers -bright colouring and distinctive calls patterning • Many species have effective camouflage behaviours

34. The deforestation technique of slash and burn causes environmental damage: • carbon dioxide adds to the greenhouse effect • destroys animal habitats • accelerates erosion • adding to the sediment loads of rivers • making seasonal flooding much more severe

35. GRASSLAND

36. GRASSLAND • Large parts of grasslands are now planted with wheat, barley, and maize • Most famous animal are the large grazers and browsers of the savannah, • lion, cheetah, elephant, rhinoceros, giraffe, buffalo, zebra and numerous species of antelopes

37. GRASSLAND • Temperature: Dependent on latitude, yearly range can be between -20 OC to 30 OC • Precipitation: About 500 to 900 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Grasses (prairie clover, salvia, oats, wheat, barley, coneflowers) • Location: The prairies of the Great Plains of North America, the pampas of South America, the veldt of South Africa, the steppes of Central Eurasia, and surrounding the deserts in Australia • Other: Found on every continent except Antarctica • Example: Ingeniera White, Argentina

38. สิ่งมีชีวิตในชุมชนที่เป็นทุ่งหญ้าสิ่งมีชีวิตในชุมชนที่เป็นทุ่งหญ้า • สัตว์ที่อาศัยอยู่ตามทุ่งหญ้ามีมากและอุดมสมบูรณ์แตกต่างกันไปเช่นพวกสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนมสัตว์กีบและสัตว์แทะ เช่นกวางสุนัขกระรอกสุนัขป่า ไก่ป่า นกกระจอก แมลงต่าง ๆ • ทุ่งหญ้าในประเทศไทยไม่ได้เป็นทุ่งโล่งอย่างในบางประเทศแต่ในประเทศไทยจะมีทุ่งหญ้าแถบภาคกลางและภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือซึ่งเหมาะกับการเลี้ยงสัตว์ควบคู่ไปกับการเพาะปลูก

39. There are 2 main divisions of grasslands: • tropical grassland, called savanna • temperate grassland

40. Savanna • Grassland with scattered individual trees • Cover almost half the surface of Africa (about five million square miles, generally central Africa) and large areas of Australia, South America, and India

41. Prairies are grasslands with tall grasses • Steppes are grasslands with short grasses

42. DECIDUOUS FOREST

43. DECIDUOUS FOREST • deciduous trees (shed their leaves annually) • winters are long, but not as harsh as Taiga • animal life is varied and includes ground squirrels, foxes, bears, mice, snakes, rabbits, lizards, and deers

44. DECIDUOUS FOREST • Temperature: -30 OC to 30 OC, yearly average is 10 OC, hot summers, cold winters • Precipitation: 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Broadleaf trees (oaks, maples, beeches), shrubs, perennial herbs, and mosses • Location: Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, China, and Japan • Other: Temperate deciduous forests are most notable because they go through four seasons. Leaves change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back in the spring; this adaptation allows plants to survive cold winters. • Example: Staunton, Virginia, United States

45. FallColors • In the Fall, the number of hours of daylight decreases • This causes deciduous trees to stop producing chlorophyll and eventually lose their leaves • During this time, these leaves turn brilliant colors, ranging from red to orange to yellow to brown

46. TUNDRA

47. TUNDRA • Long, severe winters and cool, brief summers • At its warmest, the ground only thaws about 1m (3 ft); below this is permanently frozen ground, calledpermafrost

48. TUNDRA • Temperature: -40 OC to 18 OC • Precipitation: 150 to 250 mm of rain per year • Vegetation: Almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost; lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs • Location: Regions south of the ice caps of the Arctic and extending across North America, Europe, and Siberia (high mountain tops) • Other: Tundra comes from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning "treeless plain"; it is the coldest of the biomes • Example: Yakutsk, Russia

49. Characteristics of Tundra • Extremely cold climate • Low biotic diversity • Simple vegetation structure • Limitation of drainage • Short season of growth and reproduction • Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material • Large population oscillations

50. TUNDRA • Most typical plants are mosses, lichens, and other small plants that can survive the extreme cold • Polar bears, reindeer, caribou, arctic foxes, arctic hares, all inhabit the northern tundra