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Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops

Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops. Founded 1997 Non-profit organization: agricultural, urban projects Promote stewardship, Best Management Practices (BMPs) to production agriculture Parry Klassen, Executive Director Jim Markle, Assistant Projects Manager

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Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops

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  1. Sediment Toxicity and Pyrethroids Orchards / Row - Field Crops

  2. Founded 1997 • Non-profit organization: agricultural, urban projects • Promote stewardship, Best Management Practices (BMPs) to production agriculture • Parry Klassen, Executive Director • Jim Markle, Assistant Projects Manager • Tamara Taliaferro, Projects Coordinator www.curesworks.org

  3. Water & Sediment Monitoring Coalition monitoring looks into … Water Column • Pesticides • Nutrients • Sediment • Salt / EC • Boron • Bacteria / e coli • Ambients (temp, DO, etc) Streambed Sediment • Toxicity • Pesticides (soon) Any constituent that can affect the quality of waters of the State

  4. Pyrethroid Issue Overview • Sediment toxicity in ag drains, streams attributed to pyrethroids • Increased regulatory scrutiny expected on uses, potential pathways to water • Pyrethroids part of new dormant orchard season insecticide label changes

  5. Synthetic Pyrethroidsand sediment toxicityAgricultural Products • Common names • Bifenthrin • Cyfluthrin • Cyhalothrin • Cypermethrin • Deltamethrin • Fenpropathrin • Esfenvalerate • Permethrin • Tralomethrin • Zeta-cypermethrin • Trade names • Capture; Brigade • Baythroid • Karate; Warrior • Ammo • Decis • Danitol • Asana • Pounce; Ambush • Scout • Fury

  6. Pyrethroid use in California • 2194 products registered in California • 2057 active in 2004. • 27 pyrethroid active ingredients • 12 frequently used in California

  7. Major Crops Uses for Pyrethroids (lbs)

  8. Pyrethroids under Scrutiny • Product into CA. DPR Reevaluation process August 2006 • Registrant Requirements • Identify sources of pyrethroids, processes for reaching sediment • Develop mitigation strategy to reduce or eliminate detections in surface water • Potential label changes, loss of uses

  9. Pyrethroid Stewardship Program Sponsors Emphasis: Protect Water Quality

  10. Pyrethroid Profile • Very hydrophobic • Adsorbs tightly to soil particles, organic material • Potential to be carried off in sediment water run-off • Relatively long half-life in sediment • Some Concern of Risk to Non-Targets • Fish, Water Insects, Crayfish/Shrimp

  11. How Did We Get Here? • Weston Study – Bioavailability Study • 71 Samples • 42 Rivers, Creeks, Sloughs & Drainage Ditches • Weston concludes pyrethroid alone causing toxicity in the sediment

  12. Adsorption to soils, organics, etc. • Parent Koc values - 200,000 -1,000,000 ml/g • Primary driver for Efate behavior • Fast & strong adsorption results in • zero leachability • only short periods of bioavailability after spray entry • rapid removal of chemical from the water column • Binding to organic matter is important • other interactions may play a minor part • Laboratory analytical issues • chemical binds to vessel walls fast • chemical “detected” in water samples may well be bound to suspended sediment or dissolved OM or humic substances • has reduced bioavailability

  13. Relative Toxicity of Various Pyrethroids

  14. Pyrethroid Biotic - Degradation (lab studies) 1Half life for tralomethrin conversion to deltamethrin

  15. Water Body Degradation/Uptake Processes Metabolism/excretion/depuration FROM biota Plant interaction with surface layers? Photolysis insurface layer Uptake &metabolism in plants and “aufwuchs” Hydrolysis in water column Biological uptake/ concentration of chemical in biota Adsorption/uptake/ metabolism by sediment dwelling & epi-benthic biota via pore water λ pH J J Microbial degradation of chemical in water phase Microbial degradation of chemical in sediment pore water J J J J

  16. Pyrethroid Profile • How Does it Get Into the Water? Transport Mechanism • Sediment into waterways • Irrigation • Storm Water Runoff

  17. Pyrethroid Profile How Does it Get Into the Water? • Spray Drift into Waterways • Crops near water sprayed • Aerial Application over water

  18. Pyrethroid Stewardship Focus Irrigation runoff • Minimize or eliminate sediment transport Drift management • Set back / buffer between sensitive areas and field

  19. Farm Site BMPsWhich Approach is “Best?” • Irrigation drainage management ** • Storm water drainage management Three General Approaches • Manage runoff (containment, recirculation, etc) • Manage pesticide applications prior to drainage periods • “Treat” drainage/ runoff

  20. Approaches for Cotton BMPsThe Toolbox Pesticides • Application BMPs • Lower label rates • Mix and load properly • Calibrate equipment • New sprayer technology • Farm Site BMPs • Buffer zones to sensitive sites • Grassed drainage waterways • Vegetative filter strips • Drainage management

  21. Manage Pesticide Applications Managing Drift from Ground / Aerial Applications • Most drift comes from outside rows near sensitive areas • Watch wind speed direction • Leave adequate buffer zone • Aerial Application Drift Management: • Pilot needs to know drain / waterway locations

  22. Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Sediment Basins • Basins for water & sediment run-off • Requires modification of drainage system to protect surface water

  23. Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Irrigation management • Irrigation scheduling • Minimize runoff • PAM in irrigation water • Minimize sediment

  24. Farm Site BMPs -- Manage Runoff Tailwater Return Systems • Recirculate drain water back into irrigation system • “Cadillac” system but costly • Can operate with low horsepower pumps • In salty areas, can cause build up of salts • Water savings

  25. “Treat” Drainage Water Vegetative DitchesAllow grass in drainage ditches -- Circulate drain water through vegetated ditches or field areas West Stanislaus County -- BMP effectiveness research -- Alfalfa and field crops

  26. Planted: December 2005Photo: Feb. 2006

  27. Photo: July 2006

  28. Vegetated Ditches • Some reduction in Lorsban concentrations (34%). • Still needs more fine tuning • Has management “challenges” • Planting • Mowing • Adequate flow

  29. Cost of not succeeding • Potential for individuals to be required to file Report of Waste Discharge with Water Board • Water Board dictates Waste Discharge Requirements • On farm testing of discharges to ensure compliance • Coalition spending +$40,000 per site annually for sampling, reporting Let’s don’t go there!

  30. Enormous Task At Hand • Identify and promote practices that reduce farm runoff in rivers • Orchard runoff from dormant sprays • Almonds, Peaches, Plums/Prunes • Irrigation runoff carrying pesticides/nutrients • Row, field crops (alfalfa, tomatoes, cotton) • Orchards • Promote adoption by growers /PCAs

  31. Parry Klassen Executive Director 559-288-8125 pklassen@unwiredbb.com "Education For Environmental Responsibility"

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