A Common Web Language

1. A Common Web Language Hiroshi Uchida ISeC (Institute of Semantic Computing)

2. Semantic Computing, CDL and UNL [+core_ontology] CDL:=Concept Description Language UNL R+A UW icl met CDL.nl agt think Computer Natural Language Common Web Language met OWL RDF/XML agt person think

3. UNLa language for computers • Artificial language (Semantic Network with Hyper Node) A node represents a concept An arc represents a relation A node can be annotated by attributes • Consists of; Universal Words: vocabulary Relations, Attributes: syntax Knowledge Base: semantics

4. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. long ago people huge tim agt agt aoj tower begun build obj obj plc obj obj city reach seemed obj mod gol Babylon heaven

5. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. {unl} tim(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,long ago(icl>ago)) mod(city(icl>region).@def,Babylon(icl>city)) plc(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,city(icl>region).@def) agt(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,people(icl>person).@def) obj(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,build(agt>thing,obj>thing)@past) agt(build(agt>thing,obj>thing),people(icl>person).@def) obj(build(agt>thing,obj>thing)),tower(icl>building)) aoj(huge(icl>big),tower(icl>building)) aoj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,tower(icl>building)) obj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon) obj(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,tower(icl>building)) gol(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,heaven(icl>region).@def.@pl) {/unl}

6. History of UNL • Started in 1996, as an initiative of the UNU/IAS in Japan • R&D UNU/IAS and other 19 research institutes Development on 18 languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Greek, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Mongol, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Swahili • Transfer to the UNDL Foundation in 2001

7. Relation • Constitutes syntax of the UNL • Expresses objectivity together with UWs • Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a sentence related each other • 38 relations agtand aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt to via

8. Relation agt agent a thing in focus that initiates an action and conjunction a partner to have conjunctive relation aoj thing with attribute a thing that is in a state or has an attribute bas basis a thing used as the basis (standard) of comparison ben beneficiary an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of an event or state cag co-agent a thing not in focus that initiates an implicit event that is done in parallel cao co-thing with attribute a thing not in focus that is in a parallel state

9. Relation cnt content the content of a concept icl included/a kind of an upper concept or a more general concept Ins instrument a instrument to carry out an event Int intersection a partner to take an intersection Iof an instance of a class concept that an instance belongs to man manner a way to carry out an event or characteristics of a state met method means to carry out an event mod modification a thing that restricts a focused thing nam name a name of a thing

10. Relation obj affected thing a thing in focus that is directly effected by an event or state opl affected place a place in focus affected by an event or disjunction a partner to have disjunctive relation per proportion, rate of distribution a basis or unit of proportion, rate of distribution plc place the place where an event occurs, or a state is true, or a thing exists plf initial place the place where an event begins or a state becomes true plt final place the place where an event ends or a state becomes false pof part-of a concept of which a focused thing is a part

11. Relation pos possessor a possessor of a thing ptn partner an indispensable non-focused initiator of an action pur purpose or objective the purpose or objective of an agent of an event or the purpose of a thing which exists qua quantity quantity of a thing or unit rsn reason a reason why an event or a state happens scn scene a scene where an event occurs, or state is true, or a thing exists seq sequence a prior event or state of a focused event or state Src source/initial state the initial state of an object or thing initially associated with the object of an event

12. Relation tim Time the time an event occurs or a state is true tmf initial time the time an event starts or a state becomes true tmt final time the time an event ends or a state becomes false to destination a final state of a thing or a final thing (destination) associated with the focused thing via intermediate place or state an intermediate place or state of an event

13. Attributes • Mainly describe subjectivity • Attributes group: • Describing logic characters / properties of concepts • Times with respect to the speaker • Speaker’s view on aspects of event • Speaker’s view of reference to concepts • Speaker’s view of emphasis, focus and topic • Speaker’s attitudes • Speaker’s feelings and judgments

14. Attribute • Time with respect to speaker @past @present @future • Speaker’s view of aspect @begin-soon @begin-just @progress @end-soon @end-just @complete @state @repeat • Speaker’s view of reference @generic @def @indef @not @ordinal • Speaker’s focus @emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic • Speaker’s attitude @affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @imperative @interrogative @invitation @politeness @respect @vocative

15. Attribute • Speaker’s viewpoint @ability, @ability-past, @admire, @although, @ask-back, @conclusion, @custom, ＠doubt, @expectation, @grant, @grant-not, @induce, @inevitability, @insistence, @intention,@may, @obligation, @obligation-not, @possibility, @probability, @regret, @request, @should, @unexpected-presumption, @unexpected-consequence, @will • Convention @angle_bracket, @double_parenthesis, @double_quotation, @parenthesis, @pl, @single_quotation, @square_bracket

16. Attribute for Describing Logicality @transitive attached to an UW that has transitivity @symmetric attached to an UW that has symmetricity @identifiable attached to an UW that can identify the subject @disjointed attached to an UW or a group of UWs to show that all element concept do not hold common instance. All connected UWs do not share instances.

17. Attribute for Times Respect to Writer @pasthappened in the past @presenthappening at present @futurewill happen in future

18. Attribute for Writer’s View on Aspect of Event @beginbeginning of an event or a state @completefinishing/completion of a (whole) event @continue continuation of an event @custom customary or repetitious action @end end/termination of an event or a state @experience experience @progress an event is in progress @repeat repetition of an event @state final state or the existence of the object on which an action has been taken

19. Attribute for modifying Attribute on Aspect @just expresses an event or a state that has just begun or ended/completed @soon expresses an event or a state that is about to begin or end/completed @yet expresses an event or a state that has not yet started or ended/completed, together with @not

20. Attribute for Writer’s View of Reference on Concept @generic generic concept @def already referred @indef non-specific class @not complement set @ordinal ordinal number

21. Attribute for View of Emphasis, Focus, and Topic @contrast contrasted UW @emphasis emphasized UW @entry entry or main UW of a sentence or a scope @qfocus focused UW of a question @theme instantiates an object from a different class @title title @topic topic

22. Attribute for Writer’s Attitude @affirmative affirmation @confirmation confirmation @exclamation exclamation @humility in a humility manner @imperative imperative @interrogative interrogation @invitation inducement @polite polite way  @request request @respect respectful way @vocative vocative

23. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @ability ability, capability of doing something @get-benefit speaker’s feeling of receiving benefits through the fact or result of something (to be) done by somebody else @give-benefit speaker’s feeling of giving benefits by doing something for somebody else @conclusion logical conclusion due to a certain condition @consequence logical consequence @sufficient sufficient condition @consent consent feeling of the speaker about something @dissent dissent feeling of the speaker about something @grant to give/get consent/permission to do something @grant-not not to give consent to do something

24. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @although something follows against [contrary to] or beyond expectation @discontented discontented feeling of the speaker about something @expectation expectation of something @wish wishful feeling, to wish something is true or has happened @insistence strong determination to do something @intention intention about something or to do something @want desire to do something @will determination to do something @need necessity to do something @obligation obligation to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract, or … @obligation-not obligation not to do something, forbid to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract or …

25. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @should to do something as a matter of course @unavoidable unavoidable feeling of the speaker about doing something @certain certainty that something is true or happens @inevitable logical inevitability that something is true or happens @may practical possibility that something is true or happens @possible logical possibility that something is true or happens @probable (practical) probability that something is true or happens @rare rare logical possibility that something is true or happens @unreal unreality that something is true or happens

26. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @admire admiring feeling of the speaker about something @blame blameful feeling of the speaker about something @contempt contemptuous feeling of the speaker about something @regret Regretful feeling of the speaker about something @surprised surprised feeling of the speaker about something @troublesome troublesome feeling of the speaker about the occurrence of something

27. Attribute for Convention @passive passive form @pl more than one @angle_bracket < > are used @brace { } are used @double_parenthesis (( )) are used @double_quote “ ” are used @parenthesis ( ) are used @single_quote ‘ ’ are used @square_bracket [ ] are used

28. Universal Word • <UW>::= <headword> [<constraint list>] • <headword>::= <character>… • <constraint list>::= “(“ <constraint> [ “,” <constraint>]…“)” • <constraint>::= <relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] |<relation label> { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] [ { “>” | “<” } <UW> [<constraint list>] ] … • <relation label>::= “agt” | and” | “aoj” | “obj” | “icl” | ...

29. Types of UW • Basic UW • Restricted UW • Extra UW (Imported UW) • Temporary UW

30. A kind of UW • Basic UW Express set of every concept an English word(/phase/clause) can express ex) spring • Restricted UW Restrict a concept by constraint ex) spring(icl>tool) spring(icl>season) spring(agt>person,obj>person)

31. Basic Category of UW • UWs should belong to the following categories • Nominal Concept • Verbal Concept • Adjective Concept • Adverbial Concept

32. UW • Nominal Concept swallow(icl>thing) • Verbal Concept change(agt>thing) I changed my mind. change(obj>thing) The weather will change.  remember(agt>thing) I cannot remember his name. remember(aoj>thing) Do you remember me?

33. UW • Adjective Concept positive(aoj>thing) Are you positive about that? a positive fact only(mod<thing) the only person • Adverbial Concept weekly(icl>how) This class is held weekly. only(icl>how) The child only cried.

34. UW • If the ambiguity of an UW still remains, upper category labels of UW system(hierarchy) or case relations will be used. • Restrict using upper category swallow(icl>bird) the bird “One swallow does not make a summer” swallow(icl>action) the action of swallowing “at one swallow” swallow(icl>quantity) the quantity “take a swallow of water”

35. UW • Restrict using case relations spring(agt>thing,obj>wood) bending something spring(agt>thing,obj>mine)) blasting something spring(agt>thing,obj>person, escaping (from) prison src>prison)) spring(agt>thing,gol>place) jumping up “to spring up” spring(agt>thing,gol>thing) jumping on “to spring on” spring(obj>liquid) gushing out “to spring out”

36. UNLKB • Define the concept of UW Concepts are defined by describing the set of possible relations. • Provide linguistic knowledge of Concepts • Format: relation(UW1, UW2)=c c=0, 0<c<256

37. UW System(Ontrogy) • All Uws arelinked with each other through “icl” (subclass) “iof” (element / instance) “equ” • Property inheritance • Replacement by super-class concept

38. Knowledge • Linguistic knowledge semantic information of words for understanding sentences of natural languages semantic background of natural language sentences • Definitions of concepts knowledge of concepts in connection with other concepts knowledge for reasoning • Others every kind of knowledge such as encyclopedia knowledge for reasoning and providing information on concepts

39. (3) Knowledge on concepts provided by natural language sentences, for example, encyclopaedia, etc. UNL Expressions (2) Definition of concepts (1) Linguistic knowledge UNLKB Links between concepts and definition of the concepts that can specify the concepts Links between concepts and knowledge on the concepts

40. {unl} ... {/unl} UNL Documents of Definitions {unl} ... {/unl} UNLKB {unl} ... {/unl} equ cnt ＵＮＬ Documents of Encyclopedia {unl} ... {/unl} {unl} ... {/unl} {unl} ... {/unl} {unl} ... {/unl} {unl} ... {/unl} {unl} ... {/unl}

41. uw(aoj>thing) uw(mod<thing) be do occur UNL Knowledge System uw adjective concept adverbial concept nominal concept verbal concept how thing inference ＵＮＬ artificial inteligence ＵＮＬ clarify realize usage computer system unknown computer based known human inteligence scientifically matter theoryrule matter learninginferencerecognitionjudgement UNL Encyclopedia some

42. E D I T O R U N L E X P L O R E R U N L UNL Verifier UNL Document Base UNL KCIC UNL Encyclopedia Language Server EnConverter EnCo Rules UNL-Language Dictionary Concept Definitions (UNL) UNL Library DeCo Rules UNL KB DeConverter UNL–based application UW Dictionary UNL Proxy UW Gate

43. Annotated Natural Language Texts Annotation Editor Universal Parser UNL Verifier UNL Document Natural Language Texts EnConverter Grammatical Rules Word Dictionary Co- occurrence Dictionary UNL KB UW Dictionary Web Server HTML+XML Natural Language Texts UW Gate UNL Document DeConverter

45. CDL Model & Syntax Provide basic data structure common to all CDL.* Basic data structure “{“ “}” : Concept defined in the CDL “<“ “>”: Concept which is imagined by the symbol. { Instance_LabelConcept_LabelAttribute_Value_Pair… : Concept… Arch… } Arch:= [node1 node2 node3]

46. CDL to CDL/RDF Compound Concept #S s <cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" > #A a #C c #B b cdl:binrel d a c b {#S s : {#A a: } {#B b: } {#C c: } [#A #B #C] } <cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" > <cdl:binrel> <cdl:subject rdf:about= "a"> . <cdl:Compound rdf:ID= "s" > <cdl:concept> a b c.

47. Natural Language Representation in CDL.nl Ex.1 “I received a report that a computer was purchased yesterday.” {#A event: {#B event: <#11:yesterday> <#12:computer> <#13:purchased> [#13 tim #11] [#13 obj #12] } <#2:report> <#3:received> <#4:I> [#2 cnt #B][#3 obj #2][#3 rec #4] }

48. CDL.Nl Representation in RDF <cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#A" > <cdl:binrel> <uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > . <uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > <cdl:obj> <uw:report rdf:ID= “#2" > . <uw:received rdf:ID= “#3" > <cdl:rec> <uw:I rdf:ID= “#4" > . <cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#A" > <cdl:binrel> < uw:report rdf:ID= “#2" > . <uw:report rdf:ID= “#2" > <cdl:cnt> < cdl:Compound rdf:ID= “#B" > . < cdl:Compound rdf:about= “event " rdf:ID= “#B" > <cdl:binrel> <uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > . <uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > <cdl:tim> <uw:yesterday rdf:ID= “#11" > . <uw:purchased rdf:ID= “#13" > <cdl:obj> <uw:computer rdf:ID= “#12" > .

49. Further Information on CDL, UNL CDL: www.instsec.org/tr UNL: www.undl.org