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Physics of Sound & Music: Day 8 Review & Mini-Exam

Physics of Sound & Music: Day 8 Review & Mini-Exam. The standing wave shown could be a string fixed at one end, but free at the other. a string free at both ends. the pressure depiction of a tube open at both ends. the displacement/velocity depiction of a tube open at both ends.

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Physics of Sound & Music: Day 8 Review & Mini-Exam

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  1. Physics of Sound & Music:Day 8 Review & Mini-Exam

  2. The standing wave shown could be • a string fixed at one end, but free at the other. • a string free at both ends. • the pressure depiction of a tube open at both ends. • the displacement/velocity depiction of a tube open at both ends. • the pressure depiction of a tube with one end open and one end closed (called a closed tube).

  3. Harmonics: Open vs. Closed Different end constraints mean open and closed tubes do not produce the same set of harmonics. Consider an organ pipe that is 1.5 meters long… If it is a closed pipe, what is the fundamental frequency it will produce? If it is open? Now look at the next higher mode this pipe will produce. Open pipes produce all harmonics, like strings. Closed pipes produce only odd harmonics. Fundamental of closed is half fundamental of open

  4. Musical Tubes Organs are a good example where you will almost always find both open and closed tubes that can produce the same pitch (but which sound different). The open holes at the playing end of a flue and a recorder act as open ends, while the flapping reeds or lips on woodwind and brass instruments act as closed ends. Other complications, such as bore and bell shape can change which harmonics are present in a wind/brass instrument.

  5. Review 1: • Physics toolbox • Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) • Criteria and parameters • Transverse vs. Longitudinal waves • Wave parameters • The speed of sound varies with temperature: • Equation that applies to any traveling wave: • Basic wave behaviors: • Huygens’, Superposition, 1/r2, polarization

  6. Review 2: • Wave basics applications: • Reflection, Refraction, Interference, Diffraction • Doppler Effect: • Direction: "+" → Approaching "-" → Receding • Harmonic series • Standing waves • Terminology, cause, sketches • Stretched string (Mersenne’s Laws) • Tubes (open vs. closed, displ. vs. pressure)

  7. Reading: Tuesday (9/16) → 4.1 – 4.3 Notes: Homework #4 is due right now. WarmUp due Monday by 10 PM. Connection #1 is posted under Homework, due in a week (Thursday).

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