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Roads to Reproduction: Marriage and Birth in Zsámbék, Hungary (1720-1945)

This study examines the historical demographic sources in Hungary, focusing on marriage and birth records in Zsámbék from 1720 to 1945. The research explores various sources such as censuses, household lists, parish records, and registration of demographic events, to analyze marriage patterns and their impact on reproduction. The study also compares different marriage systems and their socio-economic and religious differentials. Results highlight the importance of marriage as a demographic phenomenon and its role in shaping individual life courses.

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Roads to Reproduction: Marriage and Birth in Zsámbék, Hungary (1720-1945)

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  1. Roads to reproduction: 1st marriage (and 1st birth) in Zsámbék, Hungary, 1720-1945 Péter Őri Hungarian Demographic Research Institute, Budapest Nominative Sources in Historical Demography in the West and the East 6-10 September 2018, Ekaterinburg

  2. Sources of historical demography in Hungary 1 • Censuses and household lists • A great amount of Status Animarum (RC) but Protestant lists also (18-19th centuries): • T. Faragó’s digitalized sample: The lodger population in the traditional world of the mid-eighteenth century in the Carpathian basin. Continuity & Change, 2016, 31(1), 9-46. • Sometimes longer series: Zsámbék (1795-1867) – an exeptional case: database under construction • Censuses: 1784-87, 1850, 1857, from 1869 in every 10 year • Nominative lists only from some settlements except for 1857 and 1869 (not for the whole country in these cases either) • Census 1869: Hungarian Mosaic Sample (6,000 households, 30,000 individuals): • Őri, P. – Pakot, L.: Residence patterns in nineteenth century Hungary: evidence from the Hungarian Mosaic sample. Working Papers on Population, Family and Welfare, no. 20, Demographic Research Institute, Budapest. • Non-nominative data published at county level (from 1869) and unpublished at settlement level in National Archives – e.g. SMAFM, Princeton indices can be calculated

  3. Sources of historical demography in Hungary 2 • Registration of demographic events • Published at aggregate level (counties) from 1876 onwards • Parish records of the settlements from the 18th century – archival material on microfilms (www.familysearch.org) • Vital statistics of the settlements from 1895 – archival material only for researchers • Databases • Genealogy books of German villagesbasedonparishrecords : on-line, printed or archival material • R. Andorka’s family reconstitution material (family cards are in part missing): • La population hongroise du XVIIIe siècle à 1914. In Bardet, Jean-Pierre – Dupâquier, Jacques (eds.): Histoire des populations de l’Europe 2. La révolutiondémographique, 1750–1914. Fayard, Paris, 427–439. • Family reconstitution databases ready (2 villages in Transylvania) or under construction (Central and Western Hungary: L. Pakot, P. Őri, G. Koloh): • Pakot, L. – Őri, P.: Socioeconomic and religious differentials in marital fertility during the fertility transition: A micro-level study from Western Hungary, 1850–1939. Demográfia, English Edition, 2015, 58(5), 5–37. • Pakot, L. – Őri, P.: Marriage systems and remarriage in 19th century Hungary: a comparative study. The History of the Family, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 2012, 105–124.

  4. Ortsfamilienbuch of Zsámbék Source: Gallina, H. – Jelli, M. (eds.): Ortsfamilienbuch der GemeindeSchambek, Zsámbék imOfnerBergland, Ungarn, 1716-1946. HeimatvereinSchambek, Nattheim, 2002. 4 4

  5. Ortsfamilienbuch of Zsámbék: table of persons, digitalized version 5 5

  6. Ortsfamilienbuch of Zsámbék: table of marriages, digitalized version 6 6

  7. Zsámbék, Status Animarum, 1820 7 7

  8. The community under study Zsámbék: RC, German ; 8 8

  9. Marriage as demographic phenomenon • Family: social institution in order to ensure demographic reproduction • Marriage as the starting point • Before 20th century family based on legal marriage • The timing and intensity of marriage is a basic demographic question • Determines the share of those taking part in reproduction (fertility in general) • Determines the length of reproductive time spent in marriage (marital fertility) • An event of great importance of the individual life course • In becoming adult • In leaving the parental household • In inheritance • In becoming household head

  10. Research on the history of marriage • Based on aggregate statistics • Vital statistics (19-20th centuries): mean age at marriage, endogamy-exogamy, remarriage • Population censuses: SMAM, share of the never married • Individual data • Marriage records: mean age at marriage, endogamy-exogamy, remarriage • Family reconstitution data: correction of ages • Censuses: shares by age group to reconstruct the average individual life course from cross-sectional data • Individual data, life course approach • Longitudinal databases (population registers or family reconstitution data): the likelihood of first marriage, entering widowhood, divorce, remarriage, etc. in rich context, multivariate statistical analyses with significances (event history analysis)

  11. Important results • J. Hajnal: European marriage patterns in perspective. In Glass, D. V. – Eversley, D. E. (eds.): Population in History. London, 1965. 101-143. • Topics: Mean age at first marriage, share of the never married • Sources: parish records, vital statistics, censuses • Results: ‚western’ and ‚non-western’ marriage patterns, • J. Hajnal: Two Kinds of Preindustrial Households Formation Systems. Population and Development Review, 1982, 3. 449-494. • Marriage, household formation, household structure, servitude in as the elements of a complex system: ‚western’ and ‚non-western’ patterns • Western pattern is a unique, rational, individual kind of demographic behaviour with marriage having a key role • Demographic system moderated by marriage rules • Late marriage and low intensity marriage as a kind of preindustrial birth control (Wrigley-Schofield 1981, Dupâquier 1988, etc.)

  12. Criticism – newer results • First of all concerning household structure • Age at marriage, western and non-western patterns • Verified at the aggregate level • But with great diversity in space and time • Modifies the Hajnal-line, new subtypes and boarder lines • Poland (M. Szołtysek), Hungary (T. Faragó), etc. • Significant differences in male age at marriage modifying the concept of cultural and geographic determinants • Type of settlement (urban-rural), SES • Changes over time, the intensity of marriage decreased, the age at first marriage increased from the 19-20th century • Life course approach – EurAsia Project – Lundh, Ch. – Kurosu, S. (eds.): Similarity in difference: marriage in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. MIT Press, 2014. • New methods and results • Different meanings of marriage by culture – great differences in age at 1st marriage but similarity in age at 1st birth

  13. Marriage in Hungary: nuptialty indices, mean age at 1st marriage (females), share of the ever married Source: http://opr.princeton.edu/archive/pefp/demog.aspx

  14. Zsámbék • Important turning points • Around 1720: repopulated after the Ottoma period: Roman Catholic German settlers • 1848: abolition of serfdom • 1945/46: deportation of half of the German population • Some characteristics • Hungarian minority and a significant Jewish community • Around 3,000 inhabitants (1842) • Smallholders, farm hands and agricultural workers too • Wheat production animal husbandry and wine production • Stem inheritance among Germans • High fertility and intensive outmigration

  15. Goals of the analysis, data and methods • Analysis of first marriage (and some characteristics of first birth) as the key element of the individual life course • To better understand the determinants of marriage at individual level • Data sources: Zsámbék (1720-1945) • Ortsfamilienbuch(Gallina – Jelli 2002) • Based on Roman Catholic parish records, corrected and completed by SES data from the original • Males getting married in Zsámbék with known birth date • Females getting married first or died unmarried or giving birth unmarried in Zsámbék with known birth date • Individuals born in Zsámbék with no further information were omitted • Risk period: from age 18 up to marriage (late marriages above 50 omitted); from age 15 up to marriage, death or birth date + 1 year of an illegitimate child • Event history analysis, Cox regression • Variables: period, birth place, number of marriage of partners, SES (fathers’ SES in case of females) the age and life status of parents during the time of observation, birth order, births prior to marriage (females)

  16. Some characteristics of 1st marriage and 1st birth, Zsámbék, 1720-1945

  17. Status of women at 1st marriage or at the end of observation, Zsámbék, 1720-1945

  18. The likelihood of 1st marriage, Zsámbék, men, 1720-1945

  19. The likelihood of 1st marriage, Zsámbék, men, 1720-1945

  20. The likelihood of 1st marriage, Zsámbék, womengettingmarried (a) allwomen (b), 1720-1945

  21. The likelihood of 1st marriage, Zsámbék, womengettingmarried (a) allwomen (b), 1720-1945

  22. Conclusions • Hungary – early and general marriage • But changes over time and differences by sex, localities, type of settlement, SES • Event history analysis (Zsámbék) • Rising age at 1st marriages in 19th – 20th century (from the 1820s onwards) • Differences by SES (landowners earlier marriages) • Earlier migration and the spouse’ remarriage increase age at 1st marriage • Birth order has no significant effect on the timing of marriage • Parents’ ageing or death is a real turning point in case of men, while among women it means less likelihood – the negative effect of ageing • Birth out-of-wedlock results in earlier marriage among those getting married, but results in much less likelihood among all women • Birth before marriage or getting married pregnant are getting more frequent – lone mothers mostly out-migrated • 1st marriage and 1st birth linked to 1st marriage at almost the same time – for most of the women the date of 1st marriage was literally the beginning of reproductive period

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